Wednesday, May 1, 2024

Science asks: Who were first Americans?

Where do my baby and I belong when you've done this to our world? - Prison? White man's bed?
Illustration of ancient humans in White Sands, which has grass, ponds, birds, and bison with mountains in background (Karen Carr/National Park Service).
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The 1st Americans were not who we thought they were
Let's kill'em 'n honor'em (Squanto)
For decades, [scientists] thought the first humans to arrive in the Americas [yes, there are many Americas, not just the USA] came across the Bering Land Bridge 13,000 years ago.

New evidence is changing that picture. The first people to arrive in the Americas may have arrived around the Last Glacial Maximum, the coldest part of the last ice age (about 26,500 to 19,000 years ago).

During the last ice age, humans ventured into two vast and completely unknown continents: North America [which includes Mesoamerica and the bridge that is Central America to] South America.

Blackfoot tribe members, Glacier Nat'l
Park, Montana, 1913 (Roland W. Reed)
For nearly a century, researchers thought they knew how this wild journey occurred: The first people to cross the Bering Land Bridge, a massive swath of land that connected Asia with North America when sea levels were lower, were the "Clovis," who made the journey shortly before 13,000 years ago. 

According to the Clovis First theory, every Indigenous person in the Americas could be traced to this single, inland migration, said Loren Davis, a professor of anthropology at Oregon State University.

But in recent decades, several discoveries have revealed that humans first reached the so-called "New World" thousands of years before we initially thought and probably didn't get there by an inland route. 
Australian Aborigines here 50K years ago (GH)
America Before (G. Hancock)
So who were the first Americans, and how and when did they arrive?

Genetic studies suggest that the first people to arrive in the Americas descend from an ancestral group of Ancient North Siberians and East Asians that mingled around 20,000 to 23,000 years ago.

They crossed the Bering Land Bridge sometime between then and 15,500 years ago, said David Meltzer, an archeologist and professor of prehistory in the Department of Anthropology at Southern Methodist University in Dallas and author of the book First Peoples in a New World (2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, 2021).


Native American National Day of Mourning
But some archeological sites hint that people may have reached the Americas far earlier than that. For instance, there are fossilized human footprints in White Sands National Park in New Mexico that may date to 21,000 to 23,000 years ago [still nowhere near the 50,000 years age of artifacts pointing to Indigenous Australian aborigines arriving by boat, as many others have, including the Chinese and Afghan Buddhist missionaries before Columbus and ancient Egyptians long before that].

That would mean humans arrived in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which occurred between about 26,500 to 19,000 years ago, when ice sheets covered much of what is now Alaska, Canada and the northern U.S. More

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