Wisdom Quarterly based on Tipitaka.net ("Fruits of Recluseship," Samannaphala Sutta, DN 2)
WHAT
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| Monks, Chiang Mai (HipRoad/flickr.com) |
The discourse on the Fruits of Recluseship is the second sutra in the
Long Discourses of the Buddha. It gives the background to the fraticidal King Ajatasattu, who became a lay
disciple of the Buddha like his father but a little too late.
It starts with Ajatasattu in his palace seeking advice from
his ministers which wandering ascetic or Brahmin he should visit. Ignoring recommendations
from six ministers, the king turned to Jivaka Komarabhacca for
advice.
Komarabhacca informed Ajatasattu that the Buddha was staying at his mango grove and
suggested making a trip there. Ajatasattu set out on
his royal mount to meet the Buddha, together with Komarabhacca, and a large number of
women on elephants, and a procession of torch-bearing attendants.
Later it is revealed that the king had previously spoken to the
six recommended ascetics but was not pleased with their teachings.
According to
the Buddha, King Ajatasattu would have become a stream-winner if not for the hienous
crime of killing his father.
WHERE
At Komarabhacca's mango grove in Rajagaha, the capital
city of Magadha
WHEN
On the full moon night of Komudi in
the month of Kattika, after Ajatasattu had already usurped his father King Bimbisara as the ruler of
Magadha.
WHO
The main dialogue is between the Buddha and Ajatasattu. Other
personalities mentioned are Queen Vedehi, Prince
Udayibhadda, and the
six famous ascetics of the Buddha's time.
- King Ajatasattu is the son of Queen
Vedehi.
- Prince Udayibhadda is Ajatasattu's newborn son.
- Aggivessana is the family name of Nigantha Nataputta called "Mahavira" (Great Hero), the historical founder of Jainism.
The Six Ascetics
The six contemporaries mentioned are considered representatives of various Indian philosophical movements of the time. They are: Purana Kassapa,
Makkhali Gosala (originally
Mahavira's student), Ajita Kesakambala, Pakudha Kaccayana, Sancaya Belatthaputta, and
Nigantha Nataputta (literally, the "Possessionless-One, Son of Nata," Mahavira).
The sutra opens a window into their individual teachings,
as reported by King Ajatasattu to the Buddha.
Unfortunately, each of these accounts is very brief.
Not all who wander are lost.
Respect for Wanderers
This sutra reveals a culture that respected truth seekers who were wandering ascetics (shramanas), that is, spiritual wayfarers. They were an alternative to conventional Brahmin temple priests who held the Vedas as their sacred texts and ultimate authority, much as St. Issa (Jesus) wandered rather than being involved with the temple hierarchy and unquestionable sacred texts like the Talmud (part of Judaism's Bible).
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| The Buddha's India, the Middle Country |
An ascetic (recluse,
samana or
shramana) here refers to any person
who gives up family and social relations to go in search of enlightenment, real happiness, answers to life's persistent questions, and liberation from rebirth and suffering.
King Ajatasattu, who usurped his powerful father King Bimbisara's position to become the ruler of the most influential area (
Magadha) in India at the time, expressed his respect for any recluse, even if the person used to
be his servant.
WOMEN
Until the Buddha accepted women into his Monastic Order, all female recluses were Jains, since Mahavira had earlier accepted women. Buddhism became the first world religion to elevate women to equal spiritual status and social standing (at least within the Sangha). Jainism never caught on outside of India. However, the sexual equality the Buddha established was eventually subverted: Additional rules (garudhammas) were instituted and backdated as if the Buddha had always intended to subordinate women, which does not make historical sense as explained by Ven. Tathaloka.
The Fruits of Recluseship
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| Novice meditating, Burma (Dvlazar/flickr.com) |
The title of the sutra means the fruits (
phala) of being a recluse (
samana). Those benefits or rewards of leading a monastic life, the completely purified supreme kind of life (
brahmacariya).
When asked about the fruits of Buddhist recluseship, the Buddha explained to these to the
king:
- respect, protection, and provisions from the king and lay people. These were benefits even other wandering ascetics could expect in ancient India with its charitable dana system -- reciprocal benefits of spiritual seekers aided and in turn aiding the people and society.
- endowment with morality as explained in the "The Net of All-Embracing Views" or Brahmajala
Sutra.
- guarded sense faculties (indriya samvara)
- mindfulness and clear comprehension (sati-sampajana)
- contentment (santosa).
Detached from the Five Hindrances, greater benefits arise from the
successful practice of meditation:
- the four material absorptions (jhanas)
- insight-knowledge (vipassana nyana)
- advanced spiritual capabilities
The highest rewards, the ultimate goals of the Buddhist path, is the
complete realization of the Four Noble Truths and liberation from samsara -- rebirth and suffering.
