A wandering ascetic (śramaṇa, shramana, shaman) [a] is a person "who labors, toils, or exerts [him or herself] for some higher or religious purpose" [1, 2], a "seeker, or ascetic, one who performs acts of austerity" (tapas) [3, 4, 5, 6].
The śramaṇa tradition includes primarily [the contemporary proto-Indian schools of] Jainism [7], Buddhism [8], and others such as the Ājīvika [9, 10].
The śramaṇa [Dharmic] religions became popular in the circles of wandering mendicant, contemplative, truth seekers after a direct (unmediated by priests) experience of the divine or of the ultimate truth of reality from greater Magadha (where the Buddha chose to live) that led to the development of spiritual practices [11] as well as the popular concepts in all major Indian religions such as saṃsāra (the Cycle of Rebirth and Death) and moksha (liberation from that cycle) [12, Note 1].
The Śramaṇic traditions have a diverse range of doctrines (beliefs) and practices, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of an eternal soul, fatalism to free will, idealization of extreme asceticism to that of family life, renunciation, strict ahimsa (non-violence, harmlessness, kind caring), and veganism/vegetarianism to permissibility of violence and flesh-eating [13, 14].
The Pali (the exclusively Buddhist language) word samaṇa has been suggested as the ultimate origin of the word Evenki сама̄н (samān) "shaman," possibly via Middle Chinese or Tocharian B; however, the etymology of this word, which is also found in other Tungusic languages, is controversial (see Shamanism § Etymology). More
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- Pat Macpherson, Dhr. Seven, Pfc. Sandoval (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly Wiki edit sramana
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