Showing posts with label wat. Show all posts
Showing posts with label wat. Show all posts

Friday, December 15, 2023

Mission: The "Buddha's Lost Children" (film)

David A. Taylor, Tricycle Magazine, Winter 2007; Crystal Q., CC Liu (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly
Tough Love Maverick Buddhist monk Khru Ba gives a novice Buddhist monk Thai kickboxing lessons in Northern Thailand, from Buddha's Lost Children.
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Monk on a Mission Saving the Orphans of Northern Thailand (full doc)

Buddha's Lost Children: full documentary
(Dhamma Source) June 26, 2023: Buddha's Lost Children is a feature-length documentary film about a Thai Theravada Buddhist monk named Phra Khru Bah Neua Chai Kosittowho -- armed only with his Buddhist faith and skills and master Thai kickboxer skills -- wages an inspirational battle to help save orphaned children, fight drug (meth) abuse, and preserve a vanishing way of life. Director: Mark Verkerk. Learn more and support here: buddhaslostchildren.com

Buddha’s Lost Children is a Dutch film about Theravada Buddhist Thailand, directed by Mark Verkerk, EMS Films, 2006.

As the lights go down, the sound of a stream is heard. The first images show a bare-chested man cross-legged on a tall stone spur in the forest, limbering up his arms and neck in what looks like a cross between meditation and martial arts.

His face is calm, but his body wears a wild constellation of tattoos: calligraphy wriggles down his arms, and a winged horse flies across his chest.

The man is a Thai Theravada Buddhist monk. In the next moment, he’s egging on two boys who are kick boxing. “That’s it!” he cries.

“Kick into his neck.” The documentary Buddha’s Lost Children tells the story of the maverick Buddhist monk and former pro kickboxer Khru Ba and his mission to save forgotten souls at the edge of Thai society — drug-infested communities in the mountainous region of northern Thailand along the Burmese border, near Laos, known as [the drug dealing haven] the Golden Triangle.

“Look at the things they do,” Khru Ba says of the addicted. “Who’ll forgive them? The law of the land doesn’t forgive them, nor does the law of karma....

Only a crazy fool of a monk like me is willing to forgive them.” The hill-tribe ethnic groups of that region — including the Akha, Karen, Yao, and Lisu — have for much of their history been at the mercy of larger forces: drug barons, corrupt Thai officials, disease, and poverty.

They have always lived at the margins: They dress differently from mainstream Thais, speak in different tongues, and hold animist (rather than Buddhist) beliefs. They don’t fit in.

At Khru Ba’s Golden Horse Monastery, he takes their orphaned and abandoned children under his wing and gives them lessons in, among other things, Buddhist Dharma and Thai kickboxing.

“Thai boxing means having a free heart and body; it means not being enslaved to desire or to drugs,” he tells his novices. “Do you understand?”

The boys shout, “Yes!” The young Buddhist novices ride into a village on horseback, saffron robes flapping in their wake, like a gang in a spaghetti Western.

The ritual of receiving alms food from villagers looks almost like a holdup. Khru Ba shouts out his version of karma: Be good, good things come to you, but “if you’re not good, the [animist] spirits will break your neck.”

Mark Verkerk, the Dutch filmmaker who spent three years making the film, says it is about more than an itinerant monk.

“It was important that the film communicate something universal,” Verkerk said by email, “something people could relate to from other cultures — and there’s nothing more universal than raising kids.”

Khru Ba left his own wife and two children after a close friend’s death and a vivid dream that commanded him to open a Buddhist monastery in the mountains of the far north, where one in five youths who turn up for national service are addicted to cheap Western methamphetamines.

Like a spiritual 007, Khru Ba has special permission from the Supreme Patriarch in Bangkok to use whatever methods he deems necessary to address the problems at the kingdom’s edge.

“He’s the only monk to have found a way to operate in this border region,” says Verkerk.

The film, with cinematography that combines sweeping landscapes and intimate views of the region’s culture, has taken honors at various festivals in Europe and North America, and in August (2007) it had its American theatrical pre-release in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It is now available on DVD.

Thursday, March 2, 2017

What is Buddhist "LENT" in Theravada Thailand?

Karuna Kusalasaya, Buddhism in Thailand: Its Past and Present (Wheel 85, BPS.lk) via accesstoinsight.org; Amber Larson, Ashley Wells (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly Wikipedia edit
Thai woman offers dana to group of temporary monks (novices) in Thailand (Bugphai).
Buddhist "Lent" is a time for intensive study or practice. A samanera (lit. "little monk") quietly reads in Burma. Novices, usually aged 7 to 20, temporarily go forth to try monastic life (Anek Suwannaphoom/flickr).
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Golden Thai Buddhas (drhill/flickr.com)
With the rapid progress of science and with the shrinking of the world, Buddhist leaders of Theravada Buddhist Thailand, monastics and laypeople, are awakening to the necessity of imparting broader education to members of the Monastic Order (Sangha) if it is to serve Buddhism as the historical Buddha intended: "for the gain of the many, for the welfare of the many."
 
As a result of the new outlook there now function in Bangkok two higher institutes of learning exclusively for monastics and temporary novices (trainees). ...Inclusion in the curriculum of some secular subjects compatible with Monastic Code of Discipline (vinaya) is among the notable features of these two institutes.

The aim is to give an all-round education to monastics in order to enable them to be of better service to the cause of Buddhism amid modern conditions.

There are monks and more and more nuns in Thailand; they practice long-term. Mostly, there are novices, who enter the Monastic Order temporarily, many for a period of three months during the Rains Retreat or Vassa, called Buddhist Lent (explained below).

Buddhist novices in Burma offer candles to seated Buddha statue (notjustnut/flickr.com).
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Their education is brief and devoted to the main tenets and features of Buddhism. Such people enter monasticism either by their own genuine intention to gain for knowledge of the Dharma, others who enter out of Thai custom, or the two reasons combined.

Monastics of this kind return to lay life again as soon as Lent is over.

This is the reason why accommodations in monasteries and nunneries (wats) are usually full during the Lenten period of the Rains Retreat.

Nowadays, owing to the pressure of modern life, the custom of temporarily entering a monastery is not so rigorously observed by people living in urban areas as by those in the countryside. The custom has its parallel in Burma, Cambodia, and Laos where Theravada Buddhism prevails.

What do they do for Buddhist "Lent"?
Dhr. Seven, Pat Macpherson (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly Wikipedia edit
Theravada monk kindly taming a wild elephant (Nudiat69/pornhashtag.com/flickr.com)
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The traditional Asian rainy season known as Vassa is often glossed in English as the Rains Retreat or Buddhist Lent.

It is "Lent" by analogy to Christian Lent (which Vassa predates by many centuries).
 
For the duration of Buddhist Lent, monastics remain in one monastery or temple grounds (vihara). In some monasteries, monastics dedicate this period of three lunar months to intensive meditation.

Some Buddhist lay people choose to observe Lent by adopting more ascetic practices than usual, such as giving up meat, abstaining from alcohol, or breaking the addiction of smoking.

While Vassa is sometimes casually called "Buddhist Lent," some object to this terminology. And the Buddha's birthday -- which also falls on the day of his great enlightenment and passing into nirvana -- probably should not really be called "Buddhist Christmas," but the West needs the shorthand.

Commonly, the number of years a monastic has spent in monastic life as a fully ordained bhikkhu or bhikkhuni is expressed by counting the number of Vassas (or rains) since ordination.
 
Vietnamese Zen monk Thich Nhat Hanh
Most Mahayana Buddhists do not observe Vassa, but Vietnamese Zen (Thiền) and Korean Zen (Seon) monastics observe an equivalent retreat of three months of intensive practice in one location, a practice also observed in Tibetan Buddhism.
 
Lent begins on the first day of the waning moon of the eighth lunar month, which is the day after Asalha Puja or Asalha Uposatha (the fasting or lunar observance "Dharma day"). It ends on Pavarana, when all monastics come before the community (Sangha) and atone for any offense or monastic rule infraction that might have been committed during Lent.
 
Lent is followed by Kathina, a festival in which the lay Buddhists express gratitude to monastics. Lay Buddhists bring gifts, donations, and offerings of support to temples, especially new robes for monks.
 
No rain, but we follow the same dates.
The Lent or Rains Retreat tradition predates the time of the historical Gautama Buddha. It was a long-standing custom for mendicant ascetics in and around Ancient "India" (when it was many independent kingdoms and clan territories) not to travel during the rainy season as wandering ascetics might unintentionally harm crops, insects, frogs, or even themselves during their travels.

Many Buddhist ascetics now live in regions of the world that lack an actual rainy season. Consequently, there are places where formal Lent may not be typically observed. The 2016 dates for Vassa were July 20 through October 16. More

What is a Buddhist wat?
Monastic temple complex aerial view with central reliquary, stupa/pagoda, laid out as map of the cosmos, Wat Phra That Luang, Vientiane, Laos (Sasin Tipchai/Bugphai/flickr.com).
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The central reliquary or stupa
The word wat means monastic-temple complex. It is the residence of monastics and novices. There are about 21,000 wats in Thailand. In Bangkok alone there are nearly 200. Some big wats in Bangkok have as many as 600 resident monastics and novices.

Wats are centers of Thai art and architecture. Thai culture, to a considerable extent, flows from wats. Temple lands and construction on them is donated by royals, wealthy people, and the public in general.

The wat is the most important institution in Thai rural life. The social life of the rural community revolves around the wat. Besides carrying out the obvious religious activities, a wat serves the community as a recreation center, dispensary, school, community center, home for the aged and destitute, social work and welfare agency, village clock, rest-house, news agency, and information center.

The Buddha surrounded by devas
It is headed by an "abbot" (chao avas) who is responsible for the maintenance of the wat discipline, the proper performance of religious services and rituals, and the general welfare of residents. Besides monastics and novices, there are also the "temple boys" in wats, who assist monastics and novices in various ways, such as bringing and arranging food, cleaning dormitories, washing saffron robes, and so on.

Usually these boys are related to resident monastics in one way or another, and their stay is free of charge. Most of them are students whose homes are far away and who would otherwise find it impracticable to get an education. This is especially so in Bangkok where accommodation is difficult to get and where all higher seats of learning of the country are situated. 

The census of 1954 revealed that there are as many as 119,044 temple boys in Thailand. The social institution of the wat, a gift of Buddhism, therefore contributes to the social welfare and progress of Thai Buddhists.
 
Apart from engaging themselves in sutra studies and observing the disciplinary code in general, monastics are expected to be "friends, philosophers, and guides" to people.

Teaching face to face or on the radio is one of the most common ways by which they help the promotion of moral stability. To reiterate, Buddhism emphasizes the necessity of leading a virtuous life in order to obtain happiness in this life and lives hereafter. More

Wednesday, May 11, 2016

The Buddhist sacred string ceremony

Dhr. Seven, CC Liu (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly; Tyler King; Thaizer.com
Are you the Buddha? - Friend, it may be you who gains perfect enlightenment. (Tyler King)
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Sacred string theory

Wat Arun's hall of Buddhas (Tyler King).
Sai sin is a short sacred string. Theravada Buddhist monastics in Asia bless a length of thread in a chanting ceremony.

They then tie them around the wrist of laypersons in the temple or on other solemn occasions. 

The string gives the bearer good fortune, people say, or serve as protection by reminding people of the Dharma and other Buddhist blessings.
 
Tyler King caught this interaction between one of the resident Thai monks at Wat Pho temple and a Western boy, who must have wondered, "Are you the Buddha?" as he approached.

Despite religions, lines of identity set up to divide the world, crossover acts like this may ultimately be what brings us together.
  • But why do monastics chant holding a thread?
plan your trip to Thailand
I want to see Thailand: start here
One reason might be that a sutra, related to our English word "suture," means a through line, theme, or "string of related ideas." It is what holds together a Buddhist discourse, a sutra (Pali sutta). It is figurative, and the string is literal. Monastic chants are often intoned sutras, like mantras, that invest the objects with a positive or purified vibe. 

Monday, December 29, 2014

Laos' "Temple Mountain" (Wat Phou)

A. Nguyen, CC Liu, Wisdom Quarterly; Pint Maws (via Pinterest Mania, Ben/flickr), Wiki edit
(VideoVoyage.TV) Wat Phu is a ruined Khmer temple complex in southern Laos located at the base of Mt. Phu Kao, which later became a Theravada Buddhist center as it remains today.
UNESCO World Heritage Site Vat Phou, Laos hidden in jungle rediscovered in 1914 (PM).

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Shiva Nataraja (Kristine Krol)
Vat Phou or Wat Phu (Lao ວັດພູ, "temple-mountain") is a ruined Khmer Hindu temple complex in Buddhist southern Laos.
 
It is located at the base of Mount Phu Kao, 4 miles (6 km) from the Mekong river in Champasak province.

There was a temple on the site as early as the 5th century, but the surviving structures date from the 11th to 13th centuries.

(Secrets of Nature) LAOS, Southeast Asia: 85% of the country is pristine nature, widespread forests, jungle wilderness, steep mountains, and wide river valleys, with cool high plateaus and savannahs. The primeval forests support fauna like something out of a fairytale, with elephants, tigers, leopards, and some of the rarest animal species on the planet. Unknown species discovered by science at regular intervals. In recent decades, the few large mammals to be described for the first time were all found in Indochina (between India and China), and experts assume that most of them are at home in Laos: wild oxen such as the saola and kuprey or the truong son munjak. No outsider has ever seen a living specimen of the latter. Its existence is only known indirectly, through skeletons, horns, and bag that are occasionally found in remote villages. Here is the Mekong, one of the last untamed rivers on Earth. Fed by hundreds of tributaries, it is one of the richest freshwater systems on the planet, comparable to the Amazon or Congo, where the Mekong catfish lives -- 9 feet (3 m) long, 661 lbs (300 kg), possibly the largest freshwater fish (naga) on Earth.
 
Bangkok linga shrine (alinavitenberg/flickr)
The temple has a unique structure, in which the elements lead to a shrine where a linga (phallic structure) dedicated to Lord Shiva was bathed in water from a mountain spring. The site later became a center of Theravada Buddhist worship, which it remains today.

View from Vat Phou or Wat Phu near the sanctuary on the upper level, looking back towards the Mekong River (Mattun0211/wiki).

  
The mountain has a natural linga on its peak.
Wat Phou was initially associated with the city of Shrestapura, which lay on the bank of the Mekong river directly east of mount Lingaparvata, now called Phu Kao (pamphlet Projet de Recherches en Archaeologie Lao. Vat Phu: "The Ancient City, The Sanctuary, The Spring").

By the latter part of the 5th century the city was already the capital of a kingdom, which texts and inscriptions connect with both Chenla and Champa. And the first structure on the mountain was constructed around this time (Freeman, A Guide to Khmer Temples in Thailand and Laos p. 200-201).

The mountain gained spiritual importance from the linga-shaped protuberance on its summit. The mountain itself was therefore considered the home of Shiva, with the river representing the ocean or India's holiest river, the Ganges (COMOS report p. 71). 
 
The temple was naturally dedicated to Shiva, while the water from the spring that emerges directly behind the temple was considered sacred.

Vat Phou or Wat Phu from left to right: the south palace, the tiers leading to the central sanctuary, mountain peak shrouded in mist, and the north palace (wiki).
 
Famous Angkor Wat (samcambodiatours)
Wat Phou was a part of the Buddhist-Hindu Khmer empire, centered on Angkor (with the massive Buddhist-Hindu temple Angkor Wat) to the southwest, at least as early as the reign of Yashovarman I in the early 10th century.

Shrestapura was superseded by a new city in the Angkorian period, located directly south of the temple (Ibid., p. 72). In the later period, the original buildings were replaced, reusing some of the stone blocks. The temple now seen was built primarily during the Koh Ker and Baphuon periods of the 11th century.
 
Minor changes were made during the following two centuries before the temple, like most in the empire, was converted to Theravada Buddhist use. This continued after the area came under control of the Lao. A festival is held on the site each February. Little restoration work has been done, other than restoring boundary posts along the path. Wat Phou was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001.

The site
 
Like most Khmer temples, Wat Phou is oriented toward the east. The axis actually faces eight degrees south of due east, being determined primarily by the orientation of the mountain and river. Including the barays it stretches 1.4 km east from the source of the spring, at the base of a cliff 100 meters up the hill. Six km east of the temple, on the west bank of the Mekong river, lay the city, while a road south from the temple itself led to other temples and ultimately to the city of Angkor. More 

Saturday, July 26, 2014

Visiting a peaceful forest monastery

Amber Larson (ed.), Wisdom Quarterly; Courtney (lansingyoga.com); Elizabeth J. Harris
27altar
All photos of Dhammasala Forest Monastery by Courtney (lansingyoga.com)
Small forest dwelling.
This small meditation hut (kuti) stands alone in the forest for peace and quiet.

 
Courtney
I visited a Theravada Buddhist temple and forest monastery called Wat Dhammasala for the first time yesterday in Perry, Michigan. I brought along my 18-year-old cousin, but other than that the only soul we came across was a fluffy, white dog named Yim.
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Yim
When I stepped out of my car the first thing to hit me was the vibrant solitude that I’ve always loved about the woods.

I could hear bells chiming from the roof of the temple, birds conversing with one another casually, the hum of bees, and the rustling of a million green leaves.

Everything smelled clean, and even though the sky was grey when we first arrived, all I saw were the vibrantly green leaves. More+PHOTOS
  • Yogini Courtney is the Web Editor of LansingYoga.com and a yoga instructor in the Lansing, Michigan area, who graduated in 2011 with a double major in journalism and digital media arts and technology.
Detachment and Compassion in Early Buddhism
Elizabeth J. Harris (Bodhi Leaves 141/Buddhist Publication Society/accesstoinsight.org)
The garden
To people looking at Buddhism through the medium of English, the practice of compassion and detachment can appear incompatible, especially for those who consider themselves to be socially and politically engaged.
 
In contemporary usage, compassion brings to mind outward-moving concern for others, while detachment suggests aloofness and withdrawal from the world.

Yet Buddhism recommends both as admirable and necessary qualities to be cultivated. This raises questions such as the following:
  • If compassion means to relieve suffering in a positive way, and detachment to remain aloof from the world, how can the two be practiced together?
  • Does detachment in Buddhism imply lack of concern for humanity?
  • Is the concept of compassion in Buddhism too passive, connected only with the inward-looking eye of meditation, or can it create real change in society?
Altar
An altar at Wat Dhammasala, Michigan
It is certainly possible to draw sentences from Buddhist writers that seem to support a rejection of outward concern for others. For example, [the early Western translator] Edward Conze has written, "The Yogin [self-controlled meditator] can only come into contact with the unconditioned [nirvana] when he [or she] brushes aside anything which is conditioned" (Edward Conze, Buddhist Thought in India, 1960, Ch.5).

Similarly, G.S.P. Misra writes, "In the final analysis, all actions [karma] are to be put to cessation... The Buddha speaks of happiness involved in non-action [the acts of an arhat, a full enlightened person, are not called karma but kriya], which he further says is an integral part of the Right Way or samma-patipada (G.S.P. Misra, Development of Buddhist Ethics, p. 44.)
 
Taken in isolation and out of context, these remarks can give the impression that the path to nirvana implies developing a lack of concern towards everything in samsara (the cycle of existence, rebirth, and suffering). But is this inference sound? I would argue that it is not.
 
This is an issue that touches on the whole question of transferring concepts across linguistic barriers, in this case [the exclusively Buddhist language] Pali and [the catchall universal language of commerce, culture, and empire] English. It calls not only for an understanding of how the concepts are used within the framework of the Pali Buddhist texts, but also for an awareness of how the English terms used in translation function and whether they are adequate.

Inevitably, a dialogical approach between two linguistic frameworks is necessary.
 
Detachment
garden snake
What's that, Mr. Garden Snake? An offer?
Viveka and viraga are the two Pali words that have been translated as "detachment." The two, however, are not synonyms. The primary meaning of viveka is separation, aloofness, seclusion. Often physical withdrawal is implied. The later commentarial tradition, however, identifies three forms of viveka:
  1. physical withdrawal (kaya-viveka)
  2. mental withdrawal (citta-viveka)
  3. withdrawal from the roots of distress, disappointment, suffering (upadhi-viveka).
Kaya-viveka, as a chosen way of life, was not uncommon during the time of the historical Buddha. To withdraw or pull back from the household life, to renounce (give up interest in or control of) possessions, and adopt a solitary mendicancy was a recognized path.

The formation of the Buddhist monastic Sangha (community) was grounded in the belief that going forth from home to homelessness could aid in intensive, concentrated spiritual effort. Yet to equate the renunciation the Buddha encouraged with a physical withdrawal, which either punished the body or completely rejected human contact,  would be a mistake.
  • [Renunciation does not actually mean giving things up, so much as letting go of being controlled by them, to let go and let things be. This is much easier to do if one actually lets go, but even letting go of them physically does not mean we have really let go.]
The Buddha made it clear that the detachment of a noble disciple (ariya savaka) -- the detachment connected with the path -- was not essentially a physical act of withdrawal, let alone austerity.

Kaya-viveka was valuable only if seen as a means to the inner purging and mental transformation connected with the abandoning or destruction of craving. This is illustrated in the Udumbarika Sihanada Sutta in which the Buddha claims that the asceticism of a recluse who clings to solitude could lead to pride, carelessness, attention-seeking, and hypocrisy if not linked to the cultivation of moral virtues and the effort to gain insight through meditation (DN 25).
  
A further insight is given in the Nivapa Sutta, which weaves a lengthy story around the relationship of four herds of deer with a certain crop, representing sensual pleasure, sown by the hunter (the "tempter" Mara) to ensnare the deer.

The sign that welcomed us.
The sign that welcoming visitors
Both the ascetics who crave for pleasure and those who deny themselves any enjoyment in an extreme way are destroyed. Referring to the latter, the Buddha says: 
Because their bodies were extremely emaciated, their strength and energy diminished, freedom of mind diminished; because freedom of mind diminished, they went back to the very crop sown by Mara -- the material things of this world (MN 156).
 
The message of the sutra is that ascetic withdrawal can reduce the heart/mind's ability to discern. It can also lead to the repression of mental tendencies rather than to their rooting out and destruction.
 
The detachment of which Buddhism speaks, therefore, is not an extreme turning away from what normally nourishes the human body. Neither is it a closing of the eyes to all beauty, as is clear from the following:

"Delightful, reverend Ananda, is the Gosinga sal grove. It is a clear moonlit night; the sal trees are in full blossom. It seems deva-like scents are being wafted around... (MN 156).
 
This expression of delight is uttered by Sariputra, the Buddha's chief male disciple foremost in wisdom, an arhat, on meeting some fellow monks one night.
 
Temple
The temple or wat
One must look away from external acts and towards the area of inner attitudes and motivation for a true understanding of the role of detachment in Buddhism. Physical withdrawal is only justified if it is linked to inner purification of virtue and meditation.

In this light, citta-viveka and upadhi-viveka become necessary subdivisions to bring out the full implications of detachment within Buddhist spiritual practice. Upadhi-viveka, as withdrawal from the roots of suffering, links up with viraga, the second word used within Buddhism to denote detachment.
 
Viraga literally means the absence of lust/craving (raga) -- the absence of sense desire, lust, the craving for endless existence, as well as the craving for annihilation [all three are wrong views based on ignorance of the Three Characteristics of Existence]. It denotes non-attachment to the usual objects of raga, such as material forms or addictive pleasures of the senses.

Non-attachment is an important term here if the Pali is to be meaningful to English speakers. It is far more appropriate than "detachment" because of the negative connotations "detachment" possesses in English.

new friend

 
Raga is closely related to clinging, grasping (upadana) which, within the causal chain binding human beings to repeated births, grows from craving (tanha) and results in bhava -- the continued samsaric wandering in search of fulfillment, pleasure, meaning, and an end. The English word "non-attachment" suggests a way of looking at both of them.
 
The Buddhist texts refer to four strands of clinging and grasping: 
  1. clinging to sense pleasures
  2. clinging to views
  3. clinging to rules and rituals (as if they could ever in and of themselves result in enlightenment),
  4. clinging to doctrines of self.
All of these can also be described as forms of raga or desire. To abandon them or destroy their power over the human psyche, attachment to them is transformed into non-attachment. Non-attachment or non-clinging would therefore flow from the awareness that... More

Sunday, July 12, 2009

Bits and Pieces of Teaching Buddhism


New research on Sukhothai's most intriguing monument
Chris Baker (7/13/09)

Gathering Leaves and Lifting Words: Histories of Buddhist Monastic Education in Laos and Thailand, Justin T. McDaniel (Silkworm Books; Univ. of Washington Press)

Histories of Buddhism in Southeast Asia have imagined a clear break between pre-modern and modern practices. In the past, they claim, each Buddhist temple (wat) and abbot was very independent. Teaching depended heavily on moral tales, especially the Jataka birth stories. The teaching style was predominantly oral.

Beginning in the mid-19th century, there was a revolution: Printing made available standard editions of texts. Western scholars invented the idea of a "canon" of older, orthodox texts. The court in Siam and the colonial administrators in Indo-China imposed a "purified" teaching based on this canon and a more regimented organization of the Sangha.


Nun (maechi) students, Pali grammar class, Samnak Santisuk nunnery, Nakhon Pathom.

Justin McDaniel has studied Buddhist education from past to present. Unlike most scholars, he based himself in the "Lao" periphery of Lanna, Laos, and Isan. He ordained for a time in a small wat beside the Mekong River and tramped all around the periphery, peering into wat libraries, listening to sermons, and quizzing novices. He concludes that the break between pre-modern and modern was much less clear than it seems.

He cannot find out very much about pre-modern teaching in the wats in either Laos or Lanna except for two things. First, abbots paid a lot of attention to collecting and copying manuscripts. Abbots who did this on a large scale became honored and famous. Often they distributed copies of manuscripts over a wide area. Second, the most common form of manuscript found in the wat libraries and used by the monastics and abbots are not the classical texts, but nissaya (and the similar vohara and namasadda). These are literally "supports" or crib-guides for a monastic delivering a sermon or homily. More>>

Monday, March 23, 2009

Thailand's Supernatural Tattoo Fest

At a large temple just west of Bangkok, one of the strangest Buddhist festivals in Thailand takes place. Once a year thousands of young men gather at Wat Bang Phra to be tattooed by the temple's monks. Travel with Lonely Planet.

Buddhist monks who give tattoos? We got up at 3:30 am at Wat ("temple") Tunnati in Bangkok and were out by 4:20 am. A group of 50 to 60 people had already gathered. We were soon on the road, arriving at Wat Bang Phra at 7:00 am.

We started with an offering to the Buddha. Then went straight to the tattoo room where three Buddhist monks were giving tattoos. That's odd enough. But then there's "the power." What is "the power"?

People with these tattoos go into a trance. They start screaming and running wildly. (I'm due for one in the next month). Here's my version:


Thursday, October 16, 2008

Fighting at Thai-Cambodia border kills 2 soldiers

Ker Munthit (AP, 10/15/08)

Thai soldiers set-up heavy artillery near the border with Cambodia. Thailand and Cambodia exchanged fire in a clash over disputed land which left two soldiers dead and several wounded (AFP/Str).
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Cambodian villagers, seen, leaving Anlong Veng, Cambodia, near the Thai border, 10/16/08. A tense border dispute between Thailand and Cambodia erupted into a gunbattle that killed two soldiers Wednesday, but officials from both sides downplayed the violence and called for resolving the conflict through talks, not bullets (AP Photo/Heng Sinith).
PHNOM PENH, Cambodia -- A gunfight broke out Wednesday between Thai and Cambodian troops at a disputed border zone near a landmark 11th-century temple, killing two Cambodian soldiers and escalating a conflict that has raised fears of war. The two neighboring countries almost immediately scrambled to reassure each other and the world that they wanted a peaceful resolution.

Reuters video
The deaths were the first in four months of tension — the latest flare-up in a decades-long dispute over a contested stretch of jungle near the Preah Vihear temple. The World Court awarded the temple to Cambodia in 1962, but sovereignty over some surrounding land has never been clearly resolved.

Cambodian army commander Brig. Gen. Yim Pim said fighting had "paused" in the afternoon. Cambodia announced that its regional military commander, Lt. Gen. Chea Mon, will meet Thursday with his Thai counterpart in talks to ease the tense situation. Thai Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat said the two countries' foreign ministers were already talking. "Cambodia is a good neighbor. We will use peaceful means. If there is violence, we have to negotiate," he said. The clash came a day after Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen issued an ultimatum to Thailand to pull back its soldiers from the disputed territory.

State Department spokesman Sean McCormack told reporters Wednesday that the U.S had noticed an increase in tensions along the border and "would urge restraint on both sides to refrain from any use of violence." He said they should peacefully resolve their differences. Tensions flared anew on July 15 after UNESCO approved Cambodia's bid to have the Preah Vihear temple named a World Heritage Site, sparking fears in Thailand that its claims over the nearby land would be undermined.

Cambodia deployed about 800 troops to the border after the UNESCO decision, and Thailand sent some 400 soldiers. Both sides pulled back most of their troops in late August, but the conflict flared again recently. Both countries accused the other of firing first in Wednesday's clash. It was not immediately clear how many troops were involved.

Cambodian Foreign Minister Hor Namhong said two of its soldiers were killed and two were wounded in fighting near the temple that lasted less than an hour. Thai army spokesman Sansern Kaewkumnerd said five Thai soldiers were wounded. Hor Namhong said 10 Thai soldiers have surrendered, were being well-treated, and would be returned to Thailand, though he did not say when. Thailand denied that any of its soldiers were taken prisoner.

A Thai army spokesman, Sansern Kaewkumnerd, said the military did not want to see the situation deteriorate further. Thailand's Foreign Ministry said it had prepared aircraft if an evacuation of Thai citizens in Cambodia was ordered. "We are ready for an evacuation if necessary, but right now, there has been no order to evacuate," said ministry spokesman Tharit Charungvat. He said there were about 1,000 Thais in the Cambodian capital, Phnom Penh, and 500 Thais in the city of Siem Reap.

Earlier Wednesday, Thailand put fighter jets on alert at air force bases nationwide and C-130 transport planes on standby at a base in the capital, Bangkok, that could evacuate Thais living in the border area "if the tension escalates to a military confrontation," Thai air force official Group Capt. Montol Satchukorn said.

"Our forces are on alert and ready to support the army's possible operations on the border," Montol told The Associated Press. "These are just precautionary measures. It's not that we are going to war." Cambodia's deputy defense minister, Gen. Neang Phat, said, "We remain on alert and have readied our forces adequately to protect our territory."

A brief gunfight broke out between the sides earlier this month, with one Cambodian and two Thai soldiers wounded. Both sides claimed the other fired first and blamed each other for being on the wrong side of the border. Three days later, two Thai soldiers lost legs when they stepped on land mines in the area.
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Associated Press writers Jocelyn Gecker and Ambika Ahuja in Bangkok, Thailand and Foster Klug in Washington contributed to this report.