Showing posts with label indigenous. Show all posts
Showing posts with label indigenous. Show all posts

Monday, October 12, 2026

Indigenous Peoples' Day 2026; Columbus?



Italian hero working for Catholic Spain, or perverted Converso (Crypto-Jew) out for money?
.
Buddhist Monks Discovered America
Another's hope, another's game/ Another's loss, another's gain/ Another's lies, another's truth/ Another's doubt, another's proof/ Another's left, another's right/ Another's peace, another's fight/ Another's name, another's aim/ Another's fall, another's fame/ Another's pride, another's shame/ Another's love, another's pain/ (REPEAT)/

Marx had an idea from the confusion of his head/ Then there were a thousand more waiting to be led/ The books are sold, the quotes are bought/ You learn them well and then you're caught/ Another's left, another's right/ Another's peace, another's fight/

"All the Real Indians Died Off"
Mussolini had an idea from the confusion of his heart/ Then there were a thousand more waiting to play their part/ The stage was set, the costumes worn/ And another empire of destruction born/ Another's name, another's aim/ Another's fall, another's fame/

Jung had an idea from the confusion of his dream/ Then there were a thousand more waiting to be seen/ You're not yourself the theory says/ But I can help, your complex pays/ Another's hope, another's game/ Another's loss, another's gain/

Sartre had an idea from the confusion of his brain/ Then there were a thousand more indulging in his pain/ Reveling in isolation and existential choice;/ Can you truly be alone when you use another's voice?/ Another's lies, another's truth/ Another's doubt, another's proof/ The idea born in someone's mind/ Is nurtured by a thousand blind/ Anonymous beings, vacuous souls/ Do you fear the confusion, your lack of control?/ You lift your arm to write a name/ So caught up in the identity game/ Who do you see? Who do you watch?/ Who's your leader? Which is your flock?/ Who do you watch? Who do you watch?/ (REPEAT)/ Who's your leader? Which is your flock?/ (REPEAT)/

An Indigenous Peoples' History of United States
Einstein had an idea from the confusion of his knowledge/ Then there were a thousand more turning to advantage/ They realized that their God was dead/ So they reclaimed power through The Bomb instead/ Another's code, another's brain/ They'll shower us all in deadly rain/

Jesus had an idea from the confusion of his soul/ Then there were a thousand more waiting to take control/ The guilt is sold, forgiveness bought/ The Cross is there as your reward/ Another's love, another's pain/ Another's pride, another's shame/ Do you watch at a distance from the side you have chosen?/ Whose answers serve you best? Who'll save you from confusion?/ Who will leave you an exit and a comfortable cover?/ Who will take you oh so near their edge but never drop you over?/ Who do you watch?/ (REPEAT)
A Native Near-Death Experience

“Creator's only going to allow people to go through what they are strong enough to go through”
- Sharon Ward

A Native woman's near-death experience: Sent back with a purpose
It's time to be molested, kids (Fort Albany)
Coming Home(Coming Home) 2026: Coming Home's Near-Death Experiences. Sharon Ward, an Ojibway Native American (First Nations) woman from the Brokenhead Ojibway Nation in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, shares a deeply personal account of rape by Christian (Catholic) priests and nuns, intergenerational trauma, survival, and healing.

Canadian Indian school for sodomy and discipline
She traces the devastating impact of Canada's "residential school" [which many whites try to deny today in the face of mounting forensic evidence and countless testimonies by victims and their families] system through her own family — her mother having been taken at 3.5-years-old and. She spent nearly a decade at Fort Alexander, enduring severe sexual, physical, and psychological abuse and witnessing atrocities such the murder and secret burial of Native children.

National Indigenous Peoples Day Canada
(ColdLakeFirstNations) National Indigenous Peoples' Day 2026 | Celebrating culture, community, and connection in First Nations Canada
  • 00:00 - Opening: Sharon Ward describes crawling through a light and feeling overwhelming love on the other side
  • 01:36 - Introduction: Who is Sharon Ward? Ojibway Nation, Manitoba, raised on the trap line
  • 02:42 - Residential Schools: What they were and how Indigenous children were forcibly taken from their families
  • 03:39 - Sharon Ward's Mother: Taken to Fort Alexander at age 3½, siblings separated across Manitoba
  • 04:00 - Horrors Inside the Schools: Mother witnesses murders, experiences sexual abuse by homosexual child molesting priests and nuns
  • 04:49 - A Community Destroyed: 1966 law finally allows Indigenous women to drink; alcoholism spirals out of control
  • 06:00 - Survival Childhood: Family becomes self-sufficient, then alcohol tears everything apart
  • 07:31 - Sharon Ward as a Teenager: Abusing marijuana (cannabis) as maladaptive coping, beatings by her mother, thrown out of the house during a snowstorm
  • 09:53 - Mother's Death: Cancer, drinking through toxic chemo, a peaceful passing — then Sharon Ward's grief unravels her
  • 13:23 - The Overdose [Su*cide]: Took 270+ pills and chased it with firewater whiskey, hoping never to wake up
  • 14:26 - The NDE Begins: Dying, Sharon Ward hears her siblings' voices and feels the pain she would have caused
  • 15:57 - The Voice and the Light: Told to "turn around," walks toward a distant speck of light, crawls through
  • 17:05 - Meeting the Messenger: A being whose face cycles through all races tells her "Creator" has a job only she can do
  • 19:46 - Sent Back: She begs to stay on the other side, is returned anyway — wakes up on the couch as her sister is calling the coroner after having confirmed her physical death
  • 22:32 - Processing the Experience: Realizes over days that this NDE was real; decides to begin healing
  • 23:21 - Return to Time-Honored Indigenous Ways: smudging, sweat lodges, traditional medicines as the path back
  • 28:51 - The Philosophy of [Self-] Forgiveness: Healing begins with self-kindness; forgiveness is for us, not them
  • 30:11 - Closing: Life is sacred; Creator loves everybody
Sharon Ward describes how intergenerational trauma rippled forward, turning her once-gentle mother into a raging alcoholic as soon as Westerners told Indigenous women they could legally drink alcohol in 1966, pulling her family into desperate poverty and more and more abuse by the system.

Despite Sharon Ward's own struggles — including navigating cultural identity and language barriers — she found her way through a 40-year healing journey rooted in Ojibwe spiritual tradition, self-forgiveness (particularly trying to overcome shame), and the belief that every person has a sacred purpose.

She culminates with a message of resilience: that some Creator or Great Spirit only allows people to face only what they are strong enough to bear, sharing her story serving as part of the work she was put on Earth to do.

⇨ Connect with Sharon Ward: Her email is ogitchita.ikwe@gmail.com.

⇨ Support this channel and become a member of Coming Home: @cominghomechannel. Watch all of Coming Home's Near-Death Experience stories: • Near-Death Experiences.

⇨ Share your own NDE story for consideration on this channel: cominghomefilms.org/contact

⇨ Subscribe to Coming Home Newsletter: cominghomechannel.substack.com 

The Coming Home channel explores the meaning and purpose of near-death experiences (NDEs) in the modern age. The channel writes about the intersection of spirituality, life after death, comparative religion, philosophy, depth psychology, modern culture, and most of all how we can stay connected to the Truth that life doesn't end when we die.

⇨ CONNECT: Facebook: cominghomechannel. Instagram: cominghomechannel. Video and music licensed through iStock/Artlist/Adobe Stock/PremiumBeat

Sorry about r*ping your culture

Oct. 11, 2026 | Indigenous People's Day at St. John's Cathedral, Los Angeles
St. John's Cathedral(St. John's Cathedral) Streamed live on Oct. 11, 2026: Indigenous Peoples' Day at St. John's Cathedral, Los Angeles. Follow along with the leaflet: bit.ly/47KEtnf #churchservice #livestream #losangeles #episcopalian #cathedral #episcopal #churchservice #protestant #catholic #anglicanism #fathersonholyspirit #jesus #jesuschrist #episcopalchurch #mercy #pentecost #meditation #holyspirit #christos #creationtide #creation #indigenous #nativeamerican #centralamerica Learn more about St. John's Cathedral, by going to website stjohnsla.org
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Thursday, October 8, 2026

Sacred Path powwow, LA's Griffith Park (11/7)



Where's the powwow? It's at LA's enormous central park Griffith Park next to Hollywood.

What is Griffith Park? - It is a giant wilderness area with free roaming lions like P-22's cubs.

Danza Azteca, Indigenous Los Angeles
Sacred Path at The Autry Museum. The big Los Angeles Pow Wow 2026 is scheduled for Saturday, November 7th, 10:00 am to 8:00 pm. (Grand Entry begins at 1:00 pm).

The Autry Museum is in Griffith Park, Los Angeles (between Hollywood and Glendale). It is appropriate for ages 13+, families, seniors, and admission is FREE and open to the public. More info

Griffith Park is also home of Indie Shakes
Independent Shakespeare Co. Bridge Centennial Celebration, Oct. 10, 2026 (IndieShakes)
.
Why do powwow dancers gather together?
ABOUT: Join The Autry (next to the LA Zoo by the Shakespeare Festival) for a full-day celebration of Indigenous/Native culture with traditional powwow dancing, food, and vendors. The event features:
  • Shaman medicine man healers?
      Traditional dancing and songs led by Northern- and Southern-style drummers and singers
    • Indian tacos and traditional toxic (acrylamide soaked) frybread
    • Vendors selling traditional and contemporary Native American arts and crafts
    • Native community information booths
    • Diverse Native languages, customs, and dances
    Will there be any arts and crafts for sale to commemorate all the tribes and traditions of LA?

    SACRED PATH: The Autry is pleased to announce a new partnership with Sacred Path Indigenous Wellness Center. Sacred Path is a nonprofit organization dedicated to serving urban Native communities, offering a variety of programs and services designed to promote cultural connection, community engagement, and overall well-being. For more info, please visit sacredpath.org.

    What is a powwow?
    What must the extraterrestrial visitors the tribes remember have looked like? (wiki)

    The Autry Museum of the American West
    A powwow is a Native American gathering that brings together Indigenous communities to celebrate their culture, heritage, and spirituality. It includes traditional regalia, intertribal dancing, singing, and Indigenous foods and crafts.

    What NOT to do at a powwow?
    • Is it a Native Quinceañera?
      Don’t touch dancers’ regalia (and please refrain from calling it a "costume")
    • Don’t take close-up photographs or video without permission.
    • Don’t walk through the dance arena or close to dancers, drummers.
    • Don’t interrupt sacred traditional ceremonies, dancing, or singing.
    • Don’t drink alcohol or consume drugs at this family-friendly event.
    What to do at a powwow?
    • Be respectful.
    • Stand quietly during prayers and flag songs.
    • Follow the instructions of the emcee and arena director.
    Land Acknowledgement
    Cherokee Land Acknowledgement
    The Autry Museum     acknowledges the Tongva/Gabrielino (Kizh) peoples as the traditional land caretakers of Tovaangar (the Los Angeles Basin and Southern Channel Islands). We recognize that the Autry Museum and its campuses are located on the traditional lands of Tongva/Gabrielino peoples and we pay our respects to the Honuukvetam ("Ancestors"), ‘Ahiihirom ("Elders"), and ‘Eyoohiinkem ("our relatives/relations") past, present, and emerging.
    White man's powwow (slam dance mosh pit)
    DO NON-NATIVE YOUTH EVER GATHER FOR TRIBAL DANCING?
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    Friday, October 2, 2026

    Songs of Ancient Los Angeles: Tongva


    The Native Americans are still here in LA
    From the unceded lands of Tovaangar (aka Los Angeles or el Pueblo de Los Ángeles, lit. the "City of Angels," once the Spain-dominated Mexican El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula or "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the River Porciúncula"), we welcome those who respect and nurture this land.

    An Indigenous Peoples' History of the U.S.
    Of course, we can only speak for this First Nation territory, which has the largest concentration of Indigenous peoples in the nation, the others having been largely displaced or forcibly removed from their traditional lands, which they peacefully stewarded for millennia. The original indigenous tribe that nurtured this land for 10,000 years or more are (not were) the Kizh, Tongva, or Gabrieleno American Indians.

    The first name is of the customary housing structure, the next is an exonym suggested by a UCLA researcher, and the third was imposed by the invading imperial Spanish forces overtaking Mexico, of which Los Angeles was a part for centuries. It comes from the San Gabriel Mission in the LA suburb of the San Gabriel Valley under the San Gabriel Mountains of the Angeles National Forest.

    Release - Topic(Studio Seven Media, LLC) Aug. 14, 2026: Andrew Guiding Young Cloud Morales · Gabrieleno Tongva Ensemble · Connor Chee Tongva Songs We Are Here Ekwa Chem ℗ 2026 Studio Seven Media, LLC Released on: 2026-08-14. Flute: Andrew Guiding Young Cloud Morales Ensemble: Gabrieleno Tongva Ensemble Piano: Connor Chee Producer: Edward Dale Chung Producer: Nicole Zuratis Producer: Kitt Wakeley Producer: Greg Scelsa Unknown: Campbell Young Mixing Engineer: Tony Correlli Mastering Engineer: Kevin Lively Music Publisher: Copyright Control Composer Lyricist: Andrew Guiding Young Cloud Morales.

    Adventures in Church
    San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians | Gabrieleno
    It's a good idea to pick and choose one's religion. In doing so, a common mistake is to throw out previous customs. When the Indigenous people were "Christianized" by the imperial holy Roman Catholic Church in its Vatican stronghold (formerly devoted completely to Mithra worship before converting to Jesus and Mary adoration), it was inconceivable to leave behind millennia of traditions and practices in tune with nature.

    Buddhism is an excellent fit, but it was here long before Catholicism, Christianity, or any Western tradition. See American research by Americans about America published by Edward P. Vining (1847-1920) and Rick Fields (1942-1999) An Inglorious Columbus: or, Evidence that Hwui Shn and a Party of Buddhist Monks from Afghanistan Discovered America in the Fifth Century, A.D and How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America.

    A JuBu friend invited us to a Quaker Friends Meeting for a Sunday morning "meditation." There was silence, which the Society of Friends called worship. We loved it. Returning from summer vacation two weeks ago, we dropped in an hour early and were pleasantly surprised to find Tongva representative Mona Morales Recalde making a presentation with her father Chief Anthony Morales in the audience.

    Tongva leader Mona Morales Recalde
    It struck us as odd that here we were in a peace-loving Christian congregation, and she's a happy Presbyterian being helped in her work by her church. Progress is being made because part of the SG Mission, once home to the Native American Joan of Arc Toypurina, has been returned, repatriated, restored to Tongva hands.
    Locatora Radio w/ Mala + Diosa (IG)
    Having been born into Catholicism and not liking the patriarchy at all (even though there are many beautiful aspects to the peoples' Catholicism worth preserving, not the least of which being the honoring of beloved Mother Mary, Mary Magdalene, and a pre-Church version of Gnostic Jesus, cloistered monkhood, maybe even the Holy Ghost, but the genocidal Father and hypocritical priesthood not so much), it was easy to make the decision to leave it behind.
    Meet Mona Recalde – News from Native Cali
    The Church doesn't let someone get away that easy, so it was easier to leave for agnosticism, atheism, anti-Catholicism. It came to make the most sense to regard all "religion" as Christianity, and all of it was bad and worth rejecting. Some teachings may well be good, of course; the rejection is of the imperial, genocidal, hypocritical, homosexual child molesting institution. Christians are held through fear and childhood indoctrination. If a person is unable to awaken and reject it, that will be that person's downfall.

    Imagine the good fortune of finding Eastern philosophy and the diamond in the coal that is Buddhism in particular! Of course, Buddhism in Asia has become an ossified tradition as well, but less so than Western traditions. In any case, Buddhism is relatively new to us in the West so we get to pick and choose what to embrace, what to reject, and what to attempt to change.

    Los Angeles County Department of Arts and Culture(Los Angeles County Department of Arts and Culture) Aug. 5, 2024: Tribal Chairman Anthony Morales discusses the Gabrieleño/Tongva San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians' connection to the land that is now called Los Angeles County and the importance of land acknowledgments. For more info on the LA County Land Acknowledgment, please visit: lacounty.gov...

    The progressive Anglicans with Sarah Mullally
    Our parents might not always be happy with our decisions, but we sure are. And when one learns the deeper meaning of the Dharma, suddenly one sees Christianity, at least in its original pre-institutional form, has much good.

    Now Tongva Natives, Buddhists, Presbyterians, [anti-genocidal] Jews, and Quakers can all hold hands in LA and think, "Hey, at least we can all get along in a place called Pasadena."

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    Los Angeles Natives: 'We're still here'

    (Santa Monica History Museum) Tongva (Kizh, Gabrielenos): E'kwa'shem, "We're still here"

    Say it in the Tongva language
    The Los Angeles Natives or Tongva
    What Los Angeles needs is an imported system of racism like Spain instituted in Baja California
    .
    We lived happily in our kizh for millennia.
    The Tongva     (Kizh, Gabrielenos) are an Indigenous people of California from the Los Angeles Basin, foothills, and the Southern Channel Islands, including Catalina, an area covering approximately 4,000 square miles (10,000 km2) [1, 2].

    In the pre-colonial era, the Indigenous people lived in as many as 100 villages and primarily identified by their village rather than by a pan-tribal name [3].

    During colonization, the imperial Spanish invaders referred to these people as Gabrieleño and Fernandeño [a], names derived from the Spanish "missions" (concentration and forced labor camps for Catholic conversion, ethnic cleansing, and reeducation) built on Native land, Mission San Gabriel Arcángel ("Archangel") and Mission San Fernando Rey de España ("King of Spain") [b].

    Poor upkeep on modern demonstration models
    Tongva (a word that simply means "the land") is the most widely circulated endonym among the people, used by Narcisa Higuera in 1905 to refer to inhabitants in the vicinity of Mission San Gabriel [4]. Some people who identify as direct lineal descendants [5] of the people advocate the use of their ancestral name Kizh as an endonym [6].

    Tongva homes or kizh were sturdy and durable reed-thatched huts or wigwams
    . 
    The Tongva, along with neighboring groups such as the Chumash (the "beautiful people") of Malibu and Ventura, played an important role in the region's cultural and economic dynamics at the time of the European invasion and displacement "encounter."

    The Tongva had developed an extensive trade network through their form of canoes or te'aats (plank-built rowing boats).


    The genocide the USA put Indians through
    Their diverse food and material culture was based on an Indigenous worldview that positioned humans as one strand in a web of life (as expressed in their creation stories) [7, 1, 2, 8].

    Over time, different communities came to speak distinct dialects of the Tongva language, part of the Takic subgroup of the Uto-Aztecan language family prevalent throughout Indigenous Mexico, of which Los Angeles was a part.

    There may have been five or more such languages (three on the southernmost Channel Islands and at least two on the mainland) [1].

    European contact was first made in 1542 by Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who was greeted at Santa Catalina by people in a canoe. The following day, Cabrillo and his men entered a large bay on the mainland, which they named Baya de los Fumos ("Bay of Smokes," referring to smog or vapors, a natural consequence of the natural basin) because of the many smoke fires they saw there.

    Blood soaked Catholic rapist Junipero Serra
    Indigenous peoples smoked fish to preserve it. This is commonly believed to have been San Pedro Bay, near present-day San Pedro [9].

    The Gaspar de Portolá land expedition in 1769 resulted in the founding of Mission San Gabriel by Catholic missionary rapist abuser and Priest Junipero Serra in 1771 to begin the ethnic cleansing of the area. Under the mission concentration camp system, the Spanish initiated an era of forced relocation and enslavement. More

    Revolutions to resist invaders, imperial occupiers, Catholic rapists
    Spanish Catholics celebrating their beautiful traditions in the name of their genocidal God.

    Native Myths Made in America
    Nearly 6,000 Tongva lie dead and buried in the grounds of the San Gabriel Mission today [51]. Carey McWilliams characterized it as follows: "the Franciscan padres ["patriarchs, fathers, Catholic priests"] eliminated Indians with the effectiveness of Nazis operating concentration camps [an idea Hitler and the Nazis got from the USA]...." [52]
    There is much evidence of Tongva resistance to the imperial mission system [3, 12] that aimed to enslave and ethnically cleanse them from the land during the ongoing slow genocide.

    Many Native individuals returned to their village at the time of death. Many forcibly converted Catholics retained their traditional Indigenous practices in both spiritual and domestic contexts, despite the attempts by the padres and Christian missionaries to suppress, brainwash (erase), and control them.

    Traditional foods were incorporated into the white man's impoverished mission diet. Lithic and shell bead production and use persisted. More overt strategies of resistance, such as refusal to enter the system, work slowdowns, abortion and infanticide of children resulting from rape by priests, and uprisings were also prevalent.

    Te'aat/tomol crossing Channel Islands, 2012
    Five major uprisings were recorded just at Mission San Gabriel [3], the first of many such concentration camps sexually exploiting the Natives and enslaving them, stripping them of their identity, cultural practices, language, and identity.

    Two late-18th-century rebellions against the mission's forced labor system were led by Nicolás José [the Spanish name placed on him by Catholic priests], who was an early Catholic convert who had two social identities, "publicly participating in Catholic sacraments at the mission but privately committed to traditional [Tongva] dances, celebrations, and rituals" [3].

    Toypurina: I didn't want us to be raped/erased.
    He loved the system so much he participated in a failed attempt to kill the mission's priests in 1779 and organized eight foothill villages in a revolt in October 1785 along with Tongva Shaman Toypurina.

    She further organized the villages to resist occupation and abuses [53], which "demonstrated a previously undocumented level of regional political unification both within and well beyond the mission" [3]. The mission strategy had always been to divide and conquer.

    However, divided loyalties among the Natives contributed to the failure of the 1785 attempt, as well as mission soldiers being alerted of the attempt by Catholic converts or neophytes [3].


    George W. Kirkman's 1938 historical map of pre-1860 Los Angeles County shows locations of "Gabrieleño” villages marked with generic "Indian teepees.” (The locals never lived in teepees but rather in wigwam-like structures called kizh).

    Kangaroo court trial for Native rebels


    Toypurina    , José, and two other leaders of the rebellion, Chief Tomasajaquichi of Juvit Village and a Tongva man named Alijivit, from the nearby village of Jajamovit, were put on trial for the 1785 rebellion [53].

    At his trial, José stated that he participated because the ban at the mission on Tongva dances and ceremonies instituted by the missionaries, and enforced by the governor of California in 1782, was intolerable as they prevented their mourning ceremonies [3].

    When questioned about the attack, Toypurina is famously quoted as saying that she participated in the instigation because “[she hated] the padres and all of you, for living here on my native soil, for trespassing upon the land of my forefathers and despoiling our tribal domains.…

    We lived in peace for thousands of years.
    “I came [to the Catholic mission] to inspire the dirty cowards to fight, and not to quail at the sight of Spanish sticks that spit fire and death, nor [to] retch at the evil smell of gunsmoke -- and be done with you white invaders!” [53]

    Scholars have debated the accuracy of this quote, from Thomas Workman Temple II's article “Toypurina the Witch and the Indian Uprising at San Gabriel,” suggesting it may differ significantly from the testimony recorded by Spanish authorities at the time.

    According to the soldier who recorded her words, she stated simply that she ‘‘was angry with the Padres and the others of the Mission, because they had come to live and establish themselves in her land” [53].

    In June 1788, nearly three years later, their sentences arrived from Mexico City:
    • Nicolás José was banned from San Gabriel and sentenced to six years of hard labor in irons at the most distant penitentiary in the region [53].
    • Toypurina was banished from Mission San Gabriel and sent to the most distant Spanish mission [to be raped and married off to a Spaniard].
    • [The others all met with similar fates, none exempted, acquitted, or found innocent.]
    This violent resistance to occupation, displacement, rape, ethnic cleansing, and Spanish rule demonstrated how the Spanish Crown's claims to California were both insecure and violently contested [12].

    By the 1800s, San Gabriel [forced labor camp] was the richest in the entire colonial mission system, supplying invasive species of cattle, sheep, goats, hogs, horses, mules, and other supplies for settlers and settlements throughout Alta ["Upper"] California.

    Some historians have dared to accurately portray the mission system as a form of coerced labor that deeply disrupted Indigenous lifeways and autonomy.

    The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee
    Latter-day ethnologist Hugo Reid reported, “Indian children were taken from their parents to be raised behind bars at the mission. They were allowed outside the locked dormitories only to attend to church business and their assigned chores.

    “When they were old enough, boys and girls were put to work in the vast vineyards [to make alcohol] and orchards owned by the missions. “Soldiers watched, ready to hunt down any who tried to escape.”

    Writing in 1852, Reid said he knew of Tongva who “had an ear lopped off or were branded on the lip for trying to get away” [54].

    Do LA Natives suffer PTSS?
    In 1810, the “Gabrieleño” forced labor population at the mission was recorded to be 1,201 [slaves]. It jumped to 1,636 in 1820 and then declined to 1,320 in 1830 [51].

    Resistance to this system of forced labor continued into the early 19th century. In 1817, the San Gabriel Mission recorded that there were "473 Indian [slave] fugitives" [10].

    In 1828, a European German immigrant purchased the land on which the village of Yang-Na stood and evicted the entire community with the help of Mexican officials [55]. More
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