Ancient Indian cosmology varying slightly in Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism.
Space has boundaries, but Indian mystics regarded space (
akasa) as a thing in and of itself.
Abhidharma theory is
not based on speculation and philosophizing. It is the exacting presentation of (replicable, personally verifiable) mystical direct experience.
Its purpose is to guide one through reality at a level
finer than the atomic. This can only be accomplished by purifying the mind sufficiently that it becomes unbiased and able to directly experience the world. The external manifestation of the world (which is in the perception of this "fathom-long body") is interdependent with states of consciousness.
With the refinement of perception through meditation and gains in concentration (
jhana), there are unusual powers to gain, and these "psychic" abilities enable one to discern reality down to the subatomic level of "particles" known to the ancients as
kalapas. Jainism, like Buddhism, envisions a very concrete universe with dimensions and even a general shape (although this may be a byproduct of representing it than its own characteristic; nevertheless, it's geography is spoken of in very certain terms).
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Just as the human world was described as a series of islands radiating out from a central high point at its center (mythical Mt. Meru -- corresponding perhaps to Mt. Kailash, Everest, or K2 -- and the continents), the universe is depicted with a definite shape with regions and planes as science is finding.
The shape of the universe as represented in Jain cosmology.
Strange Clouds Spotted at the Edge of SpaceJeremy Hsu (SPACE.com, 9/1/08)
A weirdly wonderful sight appeared to astronauts aboard the International Space Station this summer — thin blue clouds hovering at the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and the void. [Buddhism speaks very definitely of a
Sphere of Boundless, or Infinite, Space as well as a
Sphere of Nothingness, the Void, which is different; both, cosmologically, are grouped among Four Immaterial Planes of Existence.]
The noctilucent or
"night-shining" clouds are at an altitude of 47 to 53 miles (76 to 85 km), where meteors and bright aurora lights are not uncommon and the atmosphere gives way to the blackness of space. The clouds remain a scientifically baffling phenomenon more than 120 years after their discovery.
"It's lovely," said Gary Thomas, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Colorado after looking at a photo taken from the space station. "And it shows just how high these clouds really are -- at the very edge of space." The clouds form at dizzying heights where the air is one hundred million times drier than the Sahara. By contrast, the common high-altitude cirrus clouds only reach heights of 11 miles (18 km) up.
"We have a fairly good idea that the water vapor from below gets transported upwards," Thomas told SPACE.com. "That is in essence the fuel."
Part of that water vapor comes from rising air in the tropics, where a few parts per million of water escape into farthest reaches of the upper atmosphere. Another likely source of water vapor is methane oxidation. Methane concentrations have more than doubled over the past 100 years, which could explain part of the changes in the high-flying clouds over the past decades.
People first spotted the noctilucent clouds a few years after the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa super-volcano in Indonesia created spectacular sunsets from ash in the atmosphere. Robert Leslie of Southampton, England saw the clouds one evening in July 1885 and published the first observations in the journal Nature.
The clouds have since spread from the northern latitude regions such as Scandinavia, Scotland and Siberia to areas farther south. Sightings have cropped up in Washington and Oregon in the United States, as well as in Turkey and Iran.
Scientists can observe widespread instances of the clouds throughout the polar summer. Some clouds even
formed after the fateful launch of the doomed space shuttle Columbia, when 400 tons of water from the shuttle exhaust drifted toward the South Pole.
The mystery only thickened after the
launch of a satellite dubbed Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) in 2007, when AIM spotted a type of "stealth" noctilucent cloud made of smaller ice crystals less than 30 nanometers (a red blood cell is about 10,000 nanometers). Such clouds appear to stay in the upper atmosphere all the time.
"They're just so tiny that they don't scatter light efficiently," Thomas said. AIM has also found a strong resemblance between the noctilucent clouds and tropospheric clouds that hover near Earth's surface, which suggests that the dynamics of near-space weather may not be incredibly strange after all.
Researchers speculate that the origin and spread of the clouds is linked to patterns of climate change associated with the modern era. But they are not ruling out a host of other possible factors, including methane, carbon dioxide, the number of meteors seeding the upper atmosphere, and even the 11-year sunspot cycle.
"I think the jury's still out on that," Thomas said. "We're just trying to understand now how clouds form and how they vary."
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