When Goenka does NOT work
Wisdom Quarterly (TEAM NIMITTA)Does Goenka help? It absolutely does! Does it work, that is, does it lead to enlightenment? One does not see too many any enlightened retreatants or hear of any such experiences. Why not? Maybe they are keeping it to themselves?
More likely it is because they are ignoring the Buddha's advice and doing something (dry insight) that a few centuries ago replaced what the Buddha teaches. The Buddha's advice is to practice and develop three things as the "Path" to enlightenment:
- virtue
- concentration
- insight
Virtue (
sila), also conceived of as appeasement or self-restraint, is the foundation. This leaves serenity (
samatha) and insight. Serenity or tranquility practice develops absorption (
jhana,
zen, dhyana), mental purification, luminosity, and a great power to focus. These powers are harnessed in the service of insight-exercises (
vipassana).
Without "right concentration" (
samma samadhi), which the Buddha defined as proficiency in the first four absorptions, it is very difficult or impossible to succeed at insight. Such "dry insight" methods were developed only a few centuries ago.
Why? It was and is still believed that we are living in a corrupted age (
kali yuga). Few reach enlightenment, so there is "no time to waste" developing or risking attachment to calm, bliss, ecstasy, and serenity as a foundation for insight. There is only time for brittle, dry, sandpapery insight or what the
Vipassana Movement today calls
vipassana. But it does not work. And there's the rub.
It easily falls away, is lost, leaves one edgy and cross or disinterested in meditating. And breaking through to the first stage of enlightenment (stream entry) remains a distant fantasy.
Usually, a Zen or characteristically Mahayana attitude is adopted in its place: "Oh, I have no goals, no aspirations, I just selflessly sit for sitting's sake, and slowly develop
The Perfections life after life."
It would be nice if that were true, but the Goenka system actively ruins those few natural meditators who quickly go to absorption (due to past life proficiency).
Goenka's teachers will get upset if they find out a retreatant is "wasting time" or "indulging" in bliss, rapture (
piti), ecstasy, joy, happiness, developing the sign-of-concentration (
nimitta), or following the Gradual Training/Middle Path the Buddha set forth.
We noticed this in Southern California. And we are not the only ones. In Northern California, self-proclaimed absorption (
jhana) master Jhananda (
Jeffrey S. Brooks) noticed it too.
The experience of ecstasy (jhana) is forbidden at Goenka retreats. Dialogue between Jeffrey S. Brooks, left, and Stuart B. Skadden, GWV Fall Retreat, Dec. 2011.
Goenka is not alone in this. Many Burmese teachers promoted this dry insight method, which greatly influenced modern meditation practices in the ancient Theravada school found in Sri Lanka and Thailand that was brought to England, Europe, and America. At least one great modern meditation master, Pa Auk Sayadaw, teaches serenity-and-insight. And he has a great deal of success with Americans that Goenka teachers can only dream of. Fortunately, the Sayadaw has a few English-speaking teachers of the highest order who travel worldwide. We recommend these seven without reservation:
- The Malaysian nun Sayalay Susila
- Ven. Dhammadipa (a Czech polyglot)
- The Burmese nun Sayalay Dipankara
- Shaila Catherine
- Stephen Snyder
- Tina Rasmussen
- Wisconsin's Jim MacDonald
Enlightenment
So if Goenka got you to enlightenment, bravo! Good, good! Well done! If it did not, consider developing serenity (samatha) meditation along with vipassana. It is like adding nitro to glycerin.
If one's goal in taking up meditation is only to relax, gain awareness, see how amazing it is what Siddhartha accomplished in blazing a trail to full awakening, sure Goenka's teachings will be great.
And it is not impossible that the dry insight method would succeed and be just enough to make progress toward the goal, if one had a goal. The very development of the Four Foundations of Mindfulness calls up a necessary and (sometimes) sufficient concentration called "momentary" or "access" concentration.
For such absorption substitutes to work depends a great deal on momentum. Keep at it the way one would keep at rubbing two dry sticks together to make fire. It is not easy but, crucially, it is not impossible. There are few cases of it in the ancient texts, as long as one is ignoring the countless cases where meditators succeeded by adopting the gradual training.
What is the "gradual" training? One establishes oneself in virtue, restraint, the precepts. This gives rise to joy, which lead to a well collected or concentrated heart/mind. Such a mind/heart becomes wieldy, tractable, able to be fashion as one wishes. The mind thus purified is applied to the foundations of mindfulness and develops liberating insight. The Buddha explained:
"Just as the ocean has a gradual shelf, a gradual slope, a gradual inclination, with a sudden drop off only after a long stretch, in the same way this Doctrine Dharma and Discipline has a gradual training, a gradual performance, a gradual progression, with penetration to insight only after a long stretch." (Verses of Uplift, Ud 5.5)