(PBS NewsHour) COLUMBIA HEIGHTS, Minnesota - Oct. 27, 2016: Like any 4th grade American boy, Jalue Dorje enjoys soccer, swimming, and Pokémon cards. But unlike most 9-year-olds, he is believed to be -- and confirmed by the Dalai Lama himself and other Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhist spiritual leaders -- the willful "reincarnation" (tulku) of an eminent senior lama who died nine years ago. Special correspondent Fred de Sam Lazaro reports. PBS is an American public broadcast service.
American tulku Jalue Dorje turns 18
American teenager prepares for life as a Tibetan Buddhist leader | TaiwanPlus News
(TaiwanPlus News) Nov. 21, 2024: Jalue Dorje, an 18-year-old Tibetan American, celebrated his coming-of-age in Minnesota in a suburb of Minneapolis called Columbia Heights, with an enthronementceremony. At just four months old, Jalue Dorje was identified as a reincarnated lama, the rebirth of a venerated leader of a Tibetan Vajrayana (Esoteric) Buddhist sect. After he graduates high school next year, the teen who loves American football and [foulmouthed and filthy] rap music will head to a monastery (lamasery) in the Indian Buddhist Himalayas for the next stage of his spiritual journey.
📹 Reporters Eason Chen and Aadil Brar. #TaiwanPlus #TaiwanPlusNews #TaiwanNews #US #tibet #teens #Himalayas - TaiwanPlus｜taiwanplus.com. TaiwanPlus presents the independent island country’s unique voice on not only local issues but also world events. Connect with TaiwanPlus. Watch shows made by TaiwanPlus (@taiwanplus). Like on Facebook (taiwanplusnews). Tweet on Twitter (taiwanplusnews). Follow on Instagram (taiwanplusnews).
Buddha Boy (BSDS); Dhr. Seven, Amber Larson, A. Wells (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly Wiki edit
"Buddha Boy" or Ram Bahadur Bomjon (Sanskrit राम बहादुर बम्जन, also spelled Bomjan, Banjan, and Bamjan) was born in 1990.
Previously known as Palden Dorje (his Vajrayana Buddhist monastic name), he is a controversial wandering ascetic (shramana) from Ratanapuri, Bara District, Nepal.
Who is that dusty, napping boy?
At 15 years of age, he gained widespread media attention and popularity because of perceived semblances to the historical Buddha Gautama, leading to claims that he had to be the reincarnation of the Buddha himself.
(This of course is nonsense, but in the popular imagination, it was the only explanation for Bomjon's miraculous power to sit months on end without eating, drinking, or moving, only meditating).
Details
How it all began, a dusty 15-y.o. meditating well
In May, 2005, the 15-year-old Bomjon left his home near the Indian border after a dream in which a deva appeared to him and told him to do so.
He found a good spot and sat in the massive roots of a pipal tree [sacred fig, Ficus religiosa, Bodhi tree, more likely a local banyan tree] to meditate [1].
Looking refreshed and showered
Eyewitness claims suggest that for 10 months he rarely spoke, drank, ate, or even moved. He simply sat under that tree, striving for some attainment or other, possibly even supreme awakening.
Thousands, then tens of thousands, then hundreds of thousands of people made pilgrimages to visit the site in the forest (Terai jungle) to sit with or see (darshan) the miraculous boy motionless for hours, days, and months as rumored.
Tummo generates a lot of fiery heat.
Others came not so much to practice themselves (as would have been very good to do) but out of devotion (puja) and the very real possibility of an important spiritual event occurring. There might be a miracle (siddhi), a public marvel (Buddhist iddhi) like that time he spontaneously burst into flames possibly from practicing tummo meditation.
As a result of some of these widespread claims, Bomjon's followers believed he had to be an incarnation of the historical Buddha Gautama [2] (who Hinduism says was an incarnation (avatar) of the God Vishnu, which is also said of Jesus Christ, possibly for the purposes of conversion, and other peaceful spiritual figures interested in the maintaining of humanity).
Dharmasangha (aka Buddha Boy) inside fire
(Bodhi Shrawan Dharma Sangha) Nov. 24, 2009: On January 19, 2006, Mahasambodhi Dharmasangha (Ram Bahadur Bomjon or Buddha Boy) spontaneously combusted, burning off the cloth robes he had worn for nine months but leaving no burn scars on his body (bsds.org).
Bomjon is not the Buddha
Why do people keep bothering my meditation?
Bomjon has rejected any such comparisons to a buddha or to the historical Buddha, saying: "Tell the people not to call me a Buddha. I don't have the Buddha's energy currently. I am at the level of a rinpoche [a jewel or precious one]" [3].
Mahiswor Raj Bajracharya, the president of the Nepal Buddhist Council, has stated likewise: "We do not believe he is [a] Buddha. He does not have [the] Buddha's qualities" [4].
Then, on March 11, 2006, he disappeared and went missing for months [5]. On March 19, 2006, Bed Bahadur Lama of the Om Namo Buddha Tapaswi Sewa Samiti (ONBTSS) told reporters that he had been seen in Bara District and that [ONBTSS] had spoken to him for half-an-hour, during which Bomjon reportedly assured them that he would return in six years (at the age of 21) [6].
He was again seen on August 2007, preaching to crowds in Nepal’s Hallori jungle, about 100 miles south of the capital of Kathmandu [7].
Arrest
Budanilkantha looks nice from a distance.
A team of CIB (Central Investigation Bureau) police from Nepal arrested Bomjon on January 9, 2024, nabbing him at his "hideout" [ashram or house] at Budanilkantha [8].
An arrest warrant had been issued in 2020 [9]. The CIB also confiscated Nepalese rupees (NPR 33 million = US $225,000.00) and foreign currencies from over 17 different nations equivalent to about $245,000 [8].
CIB: We got him, we finally got him.
DIG Kuber Kadayat said Bomjon tried to evade arrest, making a run for it by jumping off the roof of the house he was staying in.
Issuing a press release after the day of his arrest, police stated that a key to an SUV, bluebooks of three two-wheelers, two laptops, 14 mobile phones, and multiple electronic devices were also confiscated during the search.
Controversies
Keep moving, dacoit. Your days of criminality are at an end due to the big hand of the CIB.
We want the world to see you now, Bomjon.
Eyewitnesses, Bomjon's followers, and skeptics claimed that Bomjon meditated for months without eating or sleeping [7]. (A scientific team from India tried to debunk these claims but could not, only saying that for the time they were there and watching him, he did indeed seem to be meditating nearly motionless).
In 2010, Bomjon was investigated for accusations that he attacked a group of 17 villagers. He claimed that they were intentionally disturbing his meditation.
However, the villagers said they were just foraging for vegetables [10, 11, 12, 13]. Bomjon explained that he had taken "minor action" against them with just his hands [10, 11, 12, 13] after they had "tried to manhandle" him [11, 13] and stopped as soon as they apologized.
However, the alleged victims claim that for three hours he struck them on their head and back with an axe handle [10, 13], resulting in serious injury of one of them [12, 13].
Bomjon refused to attend any potential trial, stating: "Do you think a meditating sage will go to the court to hear a case? I took action against them as per the divine law [universal justice]" [10, 13].
In 2012, Nepali police announced that they had rescued a Slovak [Central European] woman from Bomjon's followers, but other reports claim that she had been released voluntarily after media coverage of the kidnapping.
Newsweek reported she had been taken from a hotel by two of Bomjon's men on motorcycle, kept tied to a tree for three months, and accused of practicing witchcraft in order to disturb the Buddha Boy’s meditation [14].
However, another report claims she had been kidnapped from a monastery. When she was released, she had a broken arm [15, 16]. A week after her release, Bomjon's siblings accused him of holding his brothers captive overnight and beating his brothers and his sister [17].
Followers of Bomjon assaulted five journalists and destroyed their cameras after they had recorded one of Bomjon's sermons [15].
Oh my! Is it possible he would?
In September of 2018, Bomjon was accused of raping an 18-year-old nun repeatedly for nearly two years.
During a press conference organized by women's rights groups, the nun also accused his wife of trying to keep the abuse hidden so as not to "attract attacks" on their [new] religion.
Bomjon is married? He is no longer referred to as Tapaswi (austerities-practicing) Palden Dorje, so perhaps he disrobed to become a Vajrayana Buddhist lay practitioner.
Supporters of Bomjon claim that nun was in fact involved in theft and had been ejected from the monastery [18].
If I had it to do over again, it'd be different.
An investigation was opened in January of 2019 after complaints from family members that four devotees had gone missing from several of Bomjon's ashrams [19].
In the same month, police raided one of Bomjon's ashrams in Nepal, but he was not found [20].
Prison self-immolation? Not without absorption
On February 6, 2020, the Sarlahi District Court issued an arrest warrant against Bomjon. The following day, police raided another one of his ashrams in Kamalamai, Sindhuli, but Bomjon was not found there either.
However, police did arrest one of his disciples, Gyan Bahadur Bomjon [21]. More
1. Following the Great Maitri Marga Guru [Path of Loving-Kindness Teacher], the GuruMarga [Teacher's Path] and the Bhagvan Marga [Lord's Path], absorbed in forgotten feelings, making Maitri Mangal (lovingly fulfilled) all Sangha [Spiritual Community] friends, Dharma-lovers and followers that come and go; and, remembering this present Guru’s moment together, may all tormented souls on the Marga of the Maitri Dharma [Teaching of Loving-Kindness] have refreshing realization. Dharma is the only element that can support a platform built to be directly with the Paramatma [Supreme Self].
3. Just as the value of water corresponds to the degree of thirst; the value of the Dharma [Timeless Teaching] is assessed by kindness, compassion, nonviolence, trust, belief, devotion, faith, and an unwavering human life regarding the Marga [Path].
4. To enter into the Dharma [Truth] means to be absorbed in the path of mukti (freedomafter death) and moksha (liberation from the cycle of rebirth [= nirvana]).
5. That marga [path] which does not have the element forming mukti [freedom] and moksha [spiritual liberation] can never even be accepted in the true Dharma [ultimate Truth] as being called a marga [path], and the Dharma [Teaching] not being in divided civilisations, is obtained in the perfection of the Maitri [agape] knowledge, the bridge between the soul and the Paramatma [ego and the Higher Self].
6. It is impossible for humans remaining far from the knowledge of Maitri [agape love] to attain true enlightenment [awakening to the oneness of all] no matter what one is practicing.
7. In the end, all that may have appeared to be beneficial in this transient world will prove futile.
9. The Dharma is the rising and setting sun, the sky in which the stars shine, and the flowers blossoming in nature.
10. In the end, the Dharma is to understand the transience of the moment of this passing world as though waking up from a nightmare [saṃsāra] to find that in reality [nirvana] one is safe.
11. Rather than asking such questions as to what attributes a contemplative and intelligent person skillful in the Dharma has, and what the role of religion is in the Dharma; why doesn’t a person make the inquiry as to what one has given oneself through passion and attachments to worldly things?
12. Whether or not the way a person is following possesses the Tatva [Elements of Reality] forming mukti [freedom] and moksha [spiritual liberation] is the person’s own very personal internal quest.
13. Guru [Teacher] is fulfilling the Dharma: He is giving the Marga [Noble Eightfold Path] to the world, but the person [each] must make the journey on the Marga by oneself.
14. Whether or not one is enlightened and what one has to bear is justly determined according to the accumulated merit and other karma of the souls traveling on the Marga being shown by Guru.
15. Even though it is natural for various pains and sorrows to occur on the Path, the crucial matter is the reverence and faith towards the Guru Marga [Path of the Guru or Path Made Known by the Guru].
17. However people store empty words used in their past life, otherwise the Path of Enlightenment would be realised very quickly by following the Guru Marga [Teacher's Path].
18. To stand on the Earth while resting in the sky remaining in human form together with the realisation of the Maitri Tatva [Elements of Love] of the pure appearance of the Paramatma’s [Higher Self’s] own form – realizing including self all the mysteries of the universe – is to be freed from the mind’s countless oceans [floods, ogha] of illusion having evaporated like water into the open sky.
19. That which leads to the highest qualities of tatvas [suchness] among all religions and Guru knowledge, having the ability to extinguish former confusion throughout the world, is called the Maitri Dharma. In this way, the primordial existence of all religions would all be on the Marga of Maitri Dharma [Path of Highest Love as Truth] itself.
20. On the Maitri Marga [Path of Love], only by doing true practice [sadhana] of the Dharma until the last moment of life does a person benefit the Dharma.
21. And with this Maitri message, I am giving (you) the 11 precepts to be free from allthe defilements within the whole human world.
1) Never break oneness and equality on account of name, appearance, ethnicity, tribe, religion, colour, class, gender, belief, community, nation, power, position, ability and so forth; this means, give up all discord, be it worldly or spiritual.
3) Never cause rifts or doubts with untruths, accusations and counter-accusations, belittling or meaningless talk.
4) Resist all teachings and paths that lead to separation, rifts or boundaries; stay steadfast in the true marga-practice.
5) Resist doing even the least harmful karma-actions throughout life in true Gurumarga [Teacher-path] practice, melt totally into Guru’s truth-nature, becoming part of it.
6) Before being truly merged in the essential realities and practices of Gurunature and Dharmanature, refrain from expounding it with clever words; while still mired in hearsay, rumour, and propaganda, do not draw others into delusion.
7) Avoid any and all demonic behaviour: violence, killing, harming or hurting living beings; choose only pure wholesome nourishment.
8) Do not think less of people or countries on account of national identity.
9) Rooted in true Gurumarga practices, dedicate all karma-actions, thought and speech to the uplift of the whole world, including ourselves.
10) When searching for Truth, the Gurumarga path begins to take form within the heart and merges with Gurunature for the wellbeing of all life in the universe.
11) Remain always in the highest and deepest awareness, realising the various precepts in the soul, gaining freedom from all bygone bondage and constraints.
22. Together with these 11 precepts being internalized by all the Sanghas, liberate all living beings including self, and; may all realize this Satya Marga Gyan – the Wisdom of the True Path.
23. Never lingering in the ego, running after worldly name and fame; humans should stay resolute in the remembrance of the Paramatma always keeping the feeling of Maitri in the heart (atma).
24. The GuruMarga has descended to re-establish the true Dharma on the Earth after an interval of ages.
25. As this golden moment has been realized by beings and plant-life (the eco-system); may humans also be without defilements and take virtuous benefit from this Maha Maitri Marga at the earliest!
May all beings be lovingly fulfilled.
So be it!
Nepal's "Buddha Boy," 33, arrested over alleged rape of a minor
Accusations go back more than a decade (file).
Nepal's Central Investigation Bureau (CIB) said they arrested Ram Bahadur Bomjon, 33, on Tuesday [1/9/24].
Police claim to have picked him up at a house on the outskirts of Kathmandu, where he had allegedly been hiding.
Accusations of abuse and sexual misconduct against Ram Bahadur Bomjon stretch back more than a decade.
KATHMANDU, Nepal - Nepalese police said Wednesday [1/10/24] they had arrested the spiritual leader, whose followers believe him to be a buddha [in the making, or a reborn rinpoche, bodhisattva, or tulku] over allegations of disappearances and rape at his ashrams.
Ram Bahadur Bomjon, known to the world and among his devotees as "Buddha Boy," became famous as a teenager after witnesses said he could meditate motionless for months without water, food, or sleep.
The 33-year-old guru has a devout following but has long been accused of physically and sexually assaulting his followers. It is said he had been hiding from authorities for several years.
He was arrested after being on the run "for several years," police spokesman Kuber Kadayat told AFP.
Police arrested Bomjon in Kathmandu on a warrant issued for the alleged rape of a minor at an ashram in Sarlahi, a district south of Nepal's capital.
They said he was caught with bundles of cash amounting to 30 million Nepali rupees (equivalent to US $225,000) and another $22,500 in foreign currency.
Accusations of abuse and misconduct against Bomjon stretch back more than a decade.
Dozens of assault complaints were filed against him in 2010.
He said he beat the victims because they disturbed his meditation.
An 18-year-old Buddhist nun accused the guru of raping her at a monastery in 2018.
Police opened another investigation against him the following year after family members reported the disappearance of four of his devotees from one of his ashrams.
The whereabouts of the four are still unknown, Dinesh Acharya of the Central Investigation Bureau told reporters on Wednesday.
"Unless we know what situation the missing are in, we are not in a position to call it murder," he said.
Before he went on the run, Bomjon still commanded a legion of followers as the allegations against him mounted.
At one point, tens of thousands of people had gathered to witness his reputed miracles of meditation deep in the jungle.
(Wisdom Quarterly) Dear Nepal police, we know it may look bad, but he's a good boy. His father didn't love him enough and let him run around the forest all the time. His brother tried to stop him, but there's no arguing with spiritual fervor to transcend this world of the senses. He doesn't know about girls, and maybe all he had to go after were nuns. We're sure he's sorry and can explain. All we ask is a fair trial where witnesses can be brought forward so they can say their peace and facts can be investigated. While you hold him, can we request a quiet cell maybe with a nice view and a cushion for sitting. He doesn't eat much or need water. Let him show you he can be a model monk, if not a good prisoner, by just letting him sit in peace. We'd hate for his followers to break him out. Even the Buddha himself was accused of sexual misconduct that time, remember? Jealous rivals put her up to it, so one woman tied a pillow to her belly and publicly defamed the Awakened One by allowing herself to be prompted to accuse the Buddha of being the father. But Sakka, King of the Devas, could not bear such unrighteousness so he metamorphosed into a mouse and gnawed through the threads holding the pillow in place until it fell to the ground in front of everyone, clearing the Tathagata and putting to shame his libelous slanderers and jealous rivals. We're not saying that's happening here, just that in the United States we pretend to believe that an accused person is actually innocent until proven guilty. Do you think you guys can pretend the same thing and at least provide Mr. Bomjon with the semblance of a public trial that allows the possibility that this is all a mix up or a case of false accusations? P.K. Sarkar, the founder of Ananda Marga, was jailed. So was MLK Jr. Gandhi had a tough time. We're just say, we know it looks bad, but let's let the law run its course and have a fair jury empaneled to decide. Thank you in advance.
A spiritual leader in Nepal known as ‘Buddha Boy’ arrested on charges of rape and kidnapping
Freak Street shops, Kathmandu, Nepal
KATHMANDU, Nepal — A controversial Nepalese Buddhist spiritual leader known as “Buddha Boy” was arrested on charges of sexually assaulting a minor and involvement in the disappearance of at least four of his followers from his camps, police said today.
Ram Bahadur Bamjan (aka Ram Bahadur Bomjon, Tapaswi Palden Dorje, Dorje Rinpoche) is believed by many Nepalese to be the reincarnation rebirth of Siddhartha Gautama a significant lama (tulku) reborn in Nepal, unlike the historical Buddha, who was born in southwestern Nepal Gandhara, Scythia (modern Afghanistan, Central Asia) some 2,600 years ago and became revered as the Buddha or the "Awakened One."
Remember was I was able to do as a kid?
The highest goal of Buddhism, as taught by the historical Shakyamuni Buddha Gautama is to make an end of all suffering and all rebirth, so it could never be that a supreme buddha, having entered final nirvana, could reemerge and be reborn. If that were so, Buddhism would make no sense as ultimate liberation from suffering. What does happen, however, is there are other buddhas. Ram Bahadur Bomjon was never a buddha of any kind but could be or have been a bodhisattva, a "being bent on supreme enlightenment," an aspiring "future buddha," Maitreya (a kind of Buddhist messiah). This is not the same being reborn but rather another person aspiring to be a supremely awakened teacher who establishes the Dharma in a world where it no longer exists. These are very rare beings, perhaps the rarest of all. Because of similarities to historical accounts of the Buddha (almost certainly mistaken popular conceptions) and Bomjon -- birth in Nepal, a mother named Maya, a innate penchant and ability to meditate, retiring to the forest, practicing under a tree, fasting, and his general appearance made the world sure this must be the same figure come again. Neither Bomjon nor anyone who understands Buddhism in more than a superficial way was claiming that, but that oversimplification is what set the world on fire that here was a great man, a great meditator, a great teacher to come. That never seems to have manifested. And if Bomjon was practicing the meditative absorptions of "right concentration stillness" (samma-samadhi), it is likely he lost them for lack of an experienced teacher to establish him in the foundational practice. The subsequent practice of developing liberating insight or vipassana would be missing, and he would gain no distinction in knowledge-and-vision (characteristic of the noble ones, the Ariyans) beyond mundane attainments of ordinary worldlings. So even if he had gained the magical powers (iddhi, siddhis, abhinna), with the power to sit still and not move, eat, drink, or breathe, that would not make him a Buddhist "saint" (arhat, arahant), even if the whole world worshiped him for his holiness, which is gained by suppressing all of the mental defilements by samadhi. The meditative absorptions impart temporary purity of heart/mind. But the defilements are still latent until they are uprooted by insight. Meditation is only a preliminary requirement. Practicing Dependent Origination (paticcasamuppada) is essential for breaking free. Many Indian gurus, Hindu saints, indeed gain mystical powers through samadhi and are reckoned "enlightened" in the Hindu scheme of things, but this is not the Buddhist way. This is not what the Buddha taught. And anyone who thinks he did -- such as some Mahayana and Vajrayana thinkers -- what reason would there have been for the Buddha to teach if the Vedas and the later development of the catchall "Indus-ism"(Hinduism as an organized religion formalized by Sri Shankara) were enough to gain moksha (final liberation, emancipation, salvation, deliverance from all rebirth and suffering)? He would not. Two buddhas do not arise at the same time, in accordance with the niyamas or regularities of dhamma as taught by the Buddha.]
Is Buddha Boy innocent? We hope so! If he is not, that's no surprise. One who develops and masters only samadhi -- stillness, coherence of mind, concentration, serenity, withdrawal -- is temporarily ahead but in great danger of falling back. Only the stream enterer, the first stage of enlightenment, assures one of final deliverance, but even this type of person is capable of anything other than the Five Heinous Crimes, terrible karma.
In accordance with the Ratana Sutta("Jewel Discourse"), a stream enterer or once returner might do anything of an immoral nature, but it will not entail an eight rebirth. The great thing about making it to stream entry is that, according to the Buddha, one has finally for the first time in all of samsara put a limit on suffering, made an end of all misery in no more than seven rebirths at the maximum.
An arhat or fully enlightened person, now established in virtue (sila) might still break some Monastic Disciplinary Code rules. Apparently, the ones even an arhat might break are listed as such. So it is, of course, not true that a stream enterer has "perfect morality" forever and ever. Maybe such a person does at that moment leading up to realization or just after realization. Maybe everything is clear, what is "path" and "non-path," how much further one has to go, what is fruitful to practice and what is useless. But, indeed, some of the defilements are still there, only weakened. As one evolves towards full enlightenment, arahantship, more and more of the fetters, defilements, and taints are abandoned for good. See The Path of Freedom for a description of the various kinds of stream enterers and once returners.
Of all the defilements that corrupt living beings here in the Sensual Sphere, it is sensuality, craving for five-strand sense pleasures. So it would be no surprise that lust overcame someone emerging from the previous practice of the meditative absorptions. Sexual desire and craving of all kinds reassert themselves; they have not yet been uprooted. LUST, Lust, lust
One needs to take great care not to overestimate one's achievements. An experienced teacher is essential. If only we could bring Buddha Boy to just such a teacher so he might realized any shortcomings before final emancipation.
Back up, everyone. Saint coming through. We finally got him. We always told him we would.
.
Buddhist scholars have been skeptical of Bamjan’s claims.
Bamjan was arrested late Tuesday (1/9/24) from his house in a suburb of Kathmandu, Nepal’s capital, according to Nabaraj Adhikari of the Central Investigation Bureau.
Police brought paraded him before the media in handcuffs on Wednesday and said that he had tried to flee by jumping two floors from a window [of his home] when the officers arrived but was unsuccessful and was taken into custody.
Officials also displayed a stack of Nepalese banknotes they said was equivalent to $227,000 and other foreign currencies amounting to $23,000 seized from the house at the time of the arrest.
Bamjan is expected to be taken to a court in southern Nepal, where the alleged crimes occurred, to appear before a judge there.
Several dozen of his followers gathered later Wednesday outside the Central Investigation Bureau offices in Katmandu, where Bamjan was being held but were pushed back by riot police.
He'll recover from this ignominious predicament.
Bamjan, also known as "Buddha Boy," became famous in southern Nepal in 2005, when many believed he was able to meditate without moving for months while sitting beneath a tree with no food or water.
He has remained popular despite accusations of sexually and physically assaulting his followers.
His popularity has since declined, but he still maintains camps in southern Nepal, where thousands of his followers come to live and worship him or to visit.
Buddhism -- founded in proto-India (in what is now Bihar state, in and around ancient Magadha and Varanasi) around 500 BCE -- is considered the world’s fourth third-largest religious tradition [as long as a billion Chinese Buddhists are not listed as communist atheists as official CCP records list them] after Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. Source
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