The award-winning film Saving Mes Aynak follows Afghan archeologist Qadir Temori as he races against time to save this 5,000-year-old Buddhist archeological site in Afghanistan from imminent demolition [by Chinese industrialists who want to extract gold and rare earth minerals].
Saving Mes Aynak, from the producers of Life Itself and The Interrupters, examines the conflict between ancient cultural preservation and new economic opportunity, through the lens of the Afghan archeologists and local villagers who live and work near Mes Aynak.
They face a nearly impossible battle against the communist Chinese, the Islamic Taliban, and local politics to save their Buddhist culture and heritage from permanent erasure.
But we can help.
The Buddha was born in Afghanistan, according to Dr. Ranajit Pal, which at that time was a part of ancient Gandhara, and the oldest Buddhist texts are from there: Gandhāran Buddhist texts. This is why the largest unexcavated Buddhist temple is in Afghanistan, why the oldest Buddhist texts are from here, and why the largest Buddha statues were built here (including the most massive one in the world, a buried reclining Buddha in the lion's pose under Bamiyan). The Shakyians, from which we derive the name Shakyamuni, are the ancient Indo-Sakas.
[UPDATE: Sakka,Kwan Yin, MahaBrahma, and/or Prajnaparamita Devi seem to have intervened and raised the human supply of rare earth minerals, which means the price was brought down, which stopped the Chinese government in its tracks. It already built train tracks to the site to begin extracting the country's mineral resources, but it does not seem feasible (profitable) now to do so. Other sources of these formerly rare minerals were found on the seabed by Russian and other prospectors. That seems to have made things safe...until everyone needs a second cellphone and more electronics, which are dependent on these elements. So take care of your devices and use them longer, extending their usefulness and lifespan even though Apple Corporation and others want planned obsolescence.]
For the past few years, the effort of American Director (and Northwestern University Professor) Brent E. Huffman, through Saving Mes Aynak, has played a vital role in delaying the demolition of this historical treasure.
Mes Aynak: 1 sq. mile Buddhist temple complex
But again time may be quickly running out. A state-owned Chinese mining company still has immediate plans to destroy Mes Aynak and mine it for precious minerals, and it could happen AT ANY MOMENT.
Now, the only way for Mes Aynak to be saved is if the Afghan government (that sold off the mineral rights in a desperate attempt to earn foreign currency) intervenes, halts mining, and officially petitions to UNESCO to make Mes Aynak a World Heritage Site.
Only the Afghan government can approach UNESCO.
Through the film Saving Mes Aynak, the major goal is to raise mass awareness of the impending demolition, creating an international movement to put pressure on the mining company, the Afghanistan government, and UNESCO to make Mes Aynak a World Heritage Site.
This is the ONLY WAY to #SAVEMESAYNAK.
The more funds raised, the more people will see the film and know the beauty and importance of Mes Aynak, and the greater the chance of Mes Aynak being saved.
To do this, the focal point of the campaign is #SaveMesAynak Day, July 1st, a global event when supporters everywhere stream the film and stand in unity together to save Mes Aynak.
Through social media, plans are to use this day to spark worldwide conversation, action, and protest. After that, an ambitious outreach effort will be mounted through the film to reach as many people as can be reached.
The more awareness that can be raised, the larger the pressure that can be put on the Afghan government to stop the demolition and to formally petition UNESCO instead. This way, we can all ensure Mes Aynak's safety for future generations. #savemesaynak
Hey, UNESCO, declare it a World Heritage Site
Afghan Buddhist treasures are priceless.
[Look, we're working on it:] ...a number of achievements, especially related to the enhancement of the joint Ministry of Information and Culture (MoIC)-Ministry of Mines and Petroleum (MoMP) discussions about the Mes Aynak case. During a round of renegotiation between the MoMP and the Mining Company, it was suggested to implement an underground mining method, at least for the Central Aynak Deposit, to allow for in-situ conservation. This exploration of an integrated approach from the side of the MoMP, a tremendous step forward, led to the organization of the Mes Aynak Symposium (July 2019). The aim was to provide the government with a complete understanding of the relationship between mining and cultural resources in Mes Aynak and to examining the available options to reconcile them before approving a mining plan... unesco.org/en...afghanistan-heritage
Zawia: Zaman Buddhas of Bamiyan Shamama | زمان بت شمامه بامیان
(ZAWIA) Renegade Indian historian Dr. Ranajit Pal, Ph.D., has determined that Bamiyan town is one of the three seasonal capitals that comprise "Kapilavastu," the hometown of the historical Buddha Gautama, formerly Prince Siddhartha the Sage of the Scythians/Shakyians (Shakyamuni). He grew up here in the foothills of the Himalayas, in a part of the Himalayan range known as the Hindu Kush, far from Nepal and India but linked geographically. The prince renounced his life of luxury, here in wealthy but far off place along the Silk Road. He traveled East on a spiritual quest and arrived in the Kingdom of Magadha. (There was no "India" yet, which would come centuries later under the rule of Buddhist Emperor Ashoka, who united many kingdoms and republics to form or re-form Great "Bharat," India, as a nation that included Pakistan and part of Afghanistan (ancient Gandhara), which may have been a country previously at the time of the Indus Valley Civilization, 5-10,000 years before the present, when Brahmin priests treasured the Vedas, the ancient Knowledge Books, and shaped a society to their advantage. The Buddha, Mahavira (founder of Jainism) and other separatists were part of the "wandering ascetic" or shramana (shaman) movement, seeking direct experience of the Truth and teaching a Doctrine and Discipline (Dhamma-Vinaya) open to all regardless of caste or sex. So Mahavira accepted female wandering ascetics (sadhvis, sramaneris, and bhikkhunis) and then the Buddha did, and there were other dharmas that did not survive to the present, like the teachings of Makkhali Gosala. But the Old Vedic Religion was eventually claimed by Hinduism, which came centuries later as it was organized and systematized by Sri Shankara and others trying to make a fully "Indian" religion apart from outsiders and foreigners like the Buddha, who was a Scythian (as the Greeks called them) or Saka, as they are still known from the Northwestern frontier, which includes the strange and rare out of the way land now known as Afghanistan.
Evidence of Afghanistan's ancient Buddhist past (not some later territory conquered by the Silk Road spread of Buddhism) rests on such strange facts that Afghanistan is home to the largest unexcavated Buddhist temple complex (Mes Aynak), larger than Borobudur, Java, Indonesia and its pyramid temple topped by bell stupas (possible mimics of time machine technology rediscovered by the Germans and their WWII Die GlockeET technology), the most ancient Buddhist writings (Gandhāran Buddhist texts), stupa (Buddhist burial mound) treasures found in Tillya Tepe and in neighboring Tajikistan's Ajina Tepe, and the most extensive rock hewn structures and art (like the world's oldest oil painting in Bamiyan), which spread throughout the Stans and into what is now India at its famous cave monastery complexes like Barabar and others, which seem to be miracles of advanced technology built by celestial devas ("shining ones") or works of magical feats (siddhis) wielded by powerful adepts and meditators. The Buddhist marvels at Sanchi are hard to explain as ordinary architecture planned by humans alone.
It can also boast the largest Buddha statues in the world, with the largest still untouched, a reclining Buddha buried somewhere in Bamiyan not too far from the massive standing Buddhas that were destroyed by the CIA and ISI and their creation the "Taliban," whose ranks were filled in by released Islamist prisoners from neighboring countries fomented into a war against the West and Western imperialism, taught an extreme brand of Islam known as Wahhabism, which seems like the creation of CIA cubicle workers in Virginia or elsewhere rather than any kind of grassroots movement. The Buddhas of Bamiyan were detonated in public to create outrage and raise support for an American invasion of "Russia's Vietnam." Afghanistan was and remains "a land where empires go to die," England, Russia (USSR), and China's next. The CIA, Pentagon, and American forces (NSA, NSC, and other alphabet agencies we never hear about in the mainstream press) wanted to invade -- to create an oil pipeline, to secure the DNA of redhaired Nephilim cannibal giants for transhuman super soldiers, to recover time well vimana technology, to control a geopolitical Middle East from the best vantage point, to frustrate the Russian Empire's ambitions, to slow China down (with the CIA recruiting Tibet in its fight, compromising the Dalai Lama to become an asset, training and arming his close relatives in Colorado in exchange for favors and publicity), to help India and intervene by playing up both sides of a long-simmering conflict between archrivals Pakistan and India (a single country that was only divided at Partition in 1947, when the British ensured the ruination of the world as they exited by their "divide and conquer" tactics, much as they ruined and ensured misery for Palestine/Israel); in fact, so much of the world's troubles today can be laid squarely at the feet of the British and their Anglo-Afghan wars and the "Great Game" intrigue against other superpowers, with the USA just being the latest, greatest spear tip for those old United Kingdom/British ambitions to rule the world, which seem rooted in their Germanic and ancient Roman mentality to conduct endless war and banking and imperial religion to rule the world one way or another.
Zawia - Zaman Buddhas of Bamiyan Shamama | زمان بت شمامه بامیان
Welcome, everyone, to Zawia’s channel. Hope everyone enjoys these videos. Please make sure to like, subscribe, and share this channel with others. Much love, and thank you, all. #Bamiyan #Buddha #ZAWIA
The Buddha was born a Scythian (Shakyian, Saka) prince in the Indo-Scythian region of Sakastan (Gandhara, modern Afghanistan). See the work of maverick Indian historian Dr. Ranajit Pal, particularly his breakthrough work Alexander. In Proto-India (Magadha and other kingdoms), the Buddha was considered a "foreigner" because he was a Saka (Scythian, Shakya, Sakai) and treated as such, particularly much later by Sri Shankara who created a systematic "Hinduism" (Indus-ism) out of the ancient indigenously Indian Vedic (Indus Valley Civilization "knowledge books") and Brahminical (Brahmanism) traditions of the Brahmin priests.
These mysterious people, intrepid horsemen and women, have left a real desire for archeological discovery. From the 1st millennium BC onwards, the Scythians constituted a moving and formidable empire established in the vast Eurasian steppes.
The only traces they left us of their existence and significance are their graves: the kurgans (barrows, tumuli, cairns, tells, stupaslike the unimaginable Takht-e Rostam, Afghanistan).
In April 1999, a Franco-Italian and Kazakh scientific team announced the exceptional discovery in Kazakhstan of a 2,400-year-old Scythian tomb.
A true archeological treasure, the contents of the tomb reveal, among other things, 12 horses entirely harnessed in gold, whose precious adornment testifies to the social rank of the deceased, whom they accompany to their final resting place.
All the objects discovered are unique and shed new light on the life of the mysterious people of intrepid horsewomen and men. More
AWARDS: Youth Jury Prize, Researchers' Film Festival 2001, Nancy (France) Special Jury Mention, Filmobidos Festival, Obidos, Portugal - May 2001 Best Archaeological Film Award, Human Adventure Festival 2001, Castellana Grotte (Italy) Grand Jury Award, Nyon Archaeological Film Festival 2001 (Switzerland) Audience Award, Nyon Festival, Switzerland - March 2001 Bronze Medal, New York Film Festival 2001, (USA) Scientific Adventure Grand Prize, Scoop Festival 2000, Angers (France)
Finely crafted solid rock entrance to Lomas Rishi Cave, one of the carve outs at Barabar
Ven. Dharma from Penang stands in glassy, polished, granite Lomas Rishi Cave, Barabar
The photo above is looks inside, whereas this is the outside of whale-shaped granite boulder.
Unsolved Mysteries: The Impossible Whale-Shaped Cave of Ancient India at Barabar
(Boxoffice) | (Full Movies) Aug. 22, 2024: Welcome to the heart of ancient India to a forgotten chapter of its history that could very well alter the course of history. ARE WE REALLY THE FIRST ADVANCED CIVILIZATION ON EARTH? No. We are not alone. We were never alone. There are others. And in the past, they left their fingerprints carved in stone all over the world -- from Mexico and Mesoamerica to Peru and Bolivia, from Egypt and Lebanon to Turkey's Karahan Tepe and Gobekli Tepe, from the USA (Mound Builders of Cahokia) to the South Pacific and Easter Island -- but perhaps nowhere in more a spectacular a fashion than ancient India. About 2,300 years ago, in what is now India (which at that time were many smaller kingdoms and republics eventually united by the Buddhist Emperor Ashoka into "India"), five rock cut chambers were carved inside enormous granite rocks. #FullMovieENGLISH #FullMovie
COMMENTARY
While the caves remain a mystery and are in the style of other Buddhist rock cut architecture in India and Afghanistan, some inscriptions say they were a product of Mauryan rulers and were dedicated to the Ajivikas, a wandering ascetic group formed by Makkhali Gosala, a curious figure and close student of Mahavira, the founder of Jainism. Both are said to have developed samadhi and the siddhis (psychic powers, which the Buddha also developed but warned against using. Everyone in India who knows of these powers warns against their use). Makkhali Gosala must not have heard or in any case did not heed the warning. One day, becoming incensed at his erstwhile teacher, he lashed out with his psychic powers, attempting to incinerate him. But Mahavira, who was more powerful, immediately put up a psychic shield. Disciples who saw this unbelievable display were shocked. Jains later explained it as an anomaly that could only happen once in an aeon, which is not much of an explanation, but is only to say it was highly unusual and out of step with the ahimsa all of the seven main wandering ascetic schools advocated. Buddhism was one of these schools (Dharmas) as was Mahavira or the Nigantha Nattaputta's Teaching (Jainism), which are the only two shramana (wandering ascetic) traditions to survive in India, both having been coopted by later Hinduism which did not exist at that time. What did exist was Brahmanism, the old Vedic religion of the Brahmin priests. They were opposed to wandering ascetics but could not ignore their growing popularity. Their solution was to assimilate and neutralize them from the inside and in a nice way by telling their followers that there was really no difference in what was being taught by all these traditions -- indeed, by all disparate spiritual practices, which the British later dubbed "Indus'ism" to give a Western spin to the dizzying diversity of spiritual life in the subcontinent under British rule -- and Sri Shankara later codified the central beliefs and came up with a systematic religion (Hinduism), dating it back thousands of years to the purported time of the Vedas, making it the oldest religion in the world, much as Judaism makes itself ancient by attaching itself to much more ancient Sumerian, Mesopotamian, and Babylonian mythologies and narratives.
The Ajivikas ["Followers of the Way of Life" or the "Fatalists" who do not believe in freewill but teach that everything is preordained] are frequently mentioned in Buddhist texts and rarely if ever in praise. Rather, the Buddha distinguishes his Dharma (Doctrine, Teaching and Disciplinary Code) from theirs and all other wandering ascetic groups who have it partly right but are missing major pieces of the picture and so cannot lead anyone to actual enlightenment and liberation. They do, however, teach students to their versions of these two things, which the Buddha criticizes and warns against, which would not be a very nice thing to do in polite company except that he is warning his followers and them of erring. The Buddha is so convincing, always offering other to "come and see" for themselves, laying bare his Teaching without a secret doctrine for an elect, that many from other schools do come and see, angering those other teachers for making converts of their students. Of course, we never hear it from their side; we hear it from the side of Buddhist writers, so it is obviously slanted. An Ajivika might be a name for any wandering ascetic one disagreed with over some view or another, much as Christendom used the word "Heretic," for instance, during the Spanish Inquisition, Crusades, Councils, purges, pogroms, while setting up religious communities or going about ordinary clerical affairs to maintain the status quo.
Ajivika (Sanskrit आजीविक, Ājīvika) is one of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of ancient Indian philosophy [5, 6, 7, 8]. Believed to have been founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosāla, it was a Śramaṇa ("wandering ascetic") movement and a major rival of the old temple-based Vedic religion of the Brahmins, early Buddhism, and Jainism [5, 6, 9]. Ājīvikas were organized renunciates who formed discrete communities [5, 6, 10]. The precise identity of the Ājīvikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of Buddhists or the Jains [11]. [Indeed, anyone might have left one wandering ascetic school to join another at any time, finding another teacher or Teaching to their liking, all more or less striving for the same goals -- moksha (liberation from rebirth) and wisdom, gnosis, spiritual knowledge and power -- by different means.] More
Jayan Films, narrated by Johannah James, Box Office Full Movies, Aug. 22, 2024; Dhr. Seven, Pat Macpherson, Amber Larson (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly
The Buddha-to-be Prince Siddhartha Gautama lived in seasonal capital palaces like Mes Aynak.
Central Asia/Gandhara is NW of pre-1948 India
(Eurasia) Despite having the same size as Mexico, Central Asia is one of the most diverse and unique areas on Earth. Yet, most people know nothing about it or its peoples. This video shows the amazing diversity of the region, a blend of East and West, possibly the "Middle Country" (Majjhimadesa) of Buddhist lore where buddhas originate, and the interesting cultures, music, food, and customs that come with them.
Leave video suggestions in the comments, which are checked often. Follow on social media on Instagram (theeurasiia) and Twitter (eurasiia1).
Immediately after the U.S. pullout from Afghanistan, Taliban forces occupied the Hollywood Gate complex, which is claimed to be a former CIA base in Kabul.
[Afghanistan is part of the site of the real Kapilavastu, where the future Buddha, Prince Siddhartha Gautama, was raised. Kabul is, according to Dr. Ranajit Pal, one of the seasonal capitals of an ancient Scythian country in Gandhara, Indo-Sakastan, "the Land of the Saka/Shakyas," along with Bamiyan and Mes Aynak, according to Wisdom Quarterly.
What remains of once progressive and Western Afghanistan after the US destroyed it?
We rule the world from within the USA.
Why did the CIA encourage its co-creation (along with Pakistan's secret spying agency, the ISI), the "Taliban" or "List," to blow up priceless a world heritage site? To foment lust for war among Americans and to quell worldwide condemnation of the Bush administration's invasion of a neutral country under the guises of pre-empting "terrorism" or punishing a country for having a terrorist in it, which doing nothing to Bush-friendly Saudi Arabia, where the Bush clan and mainstream media claim most of the terrorists like Osama bin Laden were from. It's easy to get fanatics and ex-cons from a neighboring country to follow any religious mandate pointed out to them in their own holy books, particularly the CIA-created cult of Wahhabism, an extremist form of strict fundamentalism and literal interpretation.
That is, of course, ancient Buddhist history when the latest iteration of the Dharma (the Liberation Teachings of a buddha) returned to the world with the rise of the historical Buddha Gautama.
In more recent news, the CIA (supported by the U.S. military or Pentagon and other agencies) followed the USSR.
The USSR (Soviet Union, the modern Russian Empire composed of Ukraine and other Soviet states called the Stans in and around Central Asia) had been in a quagmire in Afghanistan. The USA fell into one worse than its War on Vietnam (with its simultaneous illegal and secret U.S. wars on neighboring Buddhist countries Cambodia and Laos). This mess took American protesters and peaceniks 20 years to get us out of.]
This documentary is directed by Ibrahim Nash'at. Written by Shane Boris, Talal Derki, and Ibrahim Nash'at. It stars Ibrahim Nash'at.
Buddhist monks sit, admiring a great Buddhist stupa in Sanchi, India (robertharding.com)
A discovery of artifacts, recovered from a 2,000-year-old burial mound, shows off a little-known society’s sophistication and deep connections to the Silk Road (Jordi Salas/Getty Images)
A discovery of artifacts [reported today, June 6, 2024, on MSN from Popular Mechanics based on Live Science, May 30, 2024], recovered from a 2,000-year-old burial mound (Buddhist stupa), shows off a little-known society’s sophistication and deep connections to the Silk Road (extending into Kucha and onward to China).
A new discovery of artifacts, recovered from a 2,000-year-old [Buddhist] burial mound (stupa), shows off this little-known society’s sophistication and its deep connections to the ancient Silk Road (not "road" but trade route between East and West).
Featuring a brass mirror from China and a Roman-style brooch, this treasure trove reveals the intimate evidence of the world’s first major attempt at globalization.
[This was by no means the first attempt at globalization because many times in the past, the world was united, connected, and following a global culture, religion, leader known as a world monarch or chakravartin, according to the ancient Vedas and other sources].
Buddhist stupas (burial mounds) are based on ancient North and Central Asian custom.
.
Tummulus of Bougon, neolithic kurgan, barrow
For around 800 years (from the 4th century BCE to the 4th century CE), a people group known as the Kangju flourished in what is now southern Kazakhstan.
Despite this relatively long reign in Central Asia, the unknowns of this ancient society far outweigh the knowns.
The Buddha was from this general area, ancient Indo-Scythia, Gandhara, Central Asia, now the Stans (Sakastan), which includes the massive area known as Kazakhstan, made infamous by Borat (Sascha Cohen).
Buddhist stupa, Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia
Experts know, for example, that the people had Indo-European origins, spoke an Eastern Iranian [Aryan] language, and likely practiced a semi-nomadic [Scythian] way of life — a common choice among people groups in Central Asian and the Eurasian steppe.
Everything else has been slowly pieced together from pottery and other artifacts left behind for someone to eventually find.
These items include jewelry, arrowheads, and a large bronze mirror — all of which speak to the Kangju’s sophistication.
Kazakhstan lies at the heart of what would’ve been the ancient Silk Road, and the items reflect the impact of this ancient-world globalization.
The mirror, for example, has been traced to the craftsmen of China’s Han Dynasty, which reigned from 206 BCE to 220 CE. Similar mirrors have been found among the discarded detritus of other civilizations along the ancient Silk Road, likely meaning that the woman buried with the mirror was someone of considerable wealth or importance.
However, China wasn’t the Kangju’s only trading partner. The ancient people likely also traded with the Roman Empire and the Kushan Empire, another Central Asian power to the south.
To uncover these items, a team of experts from Ozbekali Zhanibekov University — located in the city of Shymkent along the border with [formerly Buddhist] Uzbekistan — and local government archaeologists traveled to three burial mounds in the oblast (administrative region) of Turkistan.
As is often the case when exploring ancient [Buddhist] ruins, two of the mounds had already been plundered, likely during medieval times. But the third mound still had ancient wonders lying in wait.
An ancient stupa in formerly Buddhist now Islamic Swat Valley of Pakistan (NW India)
Central Asian Buddhist pyramid (yantra, mandala, square stupa, Gandhara (Newsweek, AA1jFN5l)
.
[See Bones of the Buddha, a documentary that shows the many Buddhist treasures discovered under a burial mound and removed to England, where they sit under a bed of a young man who inherited them from his relative, who discovered them. They were not placed in a museum as priceless treasures because the site they were found did not agree with the popular conception of which current country the Buddha's relics were buried. In fact, according to the ancient texts, the relics were partitioned and buried in eight places, one of them off-planet in a world of devas (ETs). The Buddha was not from Nepal, but that is what we are taught, so sometimes India and Nepal debate where he was raised and where his remains must have been placed. He was raised in ancient Gandhara (modern Bamiyan, Afghanistan, according to Indian historian Dr. Ranajit Pal, but it is known that he was raised in three seasonal capitals, all simply called "Kapilavastu," which Wisdom Quarterly proposes included modern Kabul (the strategic modern capital of Afghanistan) and Mes Aynak (the world's largest unexcavated Buddhist monastic complex and rare earth goldmine).]
Stupas may be ancient features in the Southwest
According to a press release translated from the Kazakh language, experts also found other items — including ornate earrings, a belt buckle, and a Roman brooch — that once again emphasized the mound’s advantageous position along the Silk Road.
The leader of this archeological expedition, Ozbekali Zhanibekov University’s Prof. Aleksandr Podushkin, said that the Yangju were actually comprised of many different people, including the Asian Sarmatians, the Xiongnu, the Kangyu, and the subsequent Saki [Sakai, Saka, Shakya, Shakyian, the Buddha's group] (who were, possibly, the famous Scythians).
Prof. Podushkin has published some 90 articles related the peoples of southern Kazakhstan, and some of his previous work (silkroadfoundation.org) involved analyzing the religious beliefs of the Kangju from artifacts gathered from Ugam Valley, which is also located in the Turkistan region.
Now, these relics will travel to the capital city of Astana and be housed in the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As experts like Prof. Podushkin continue to find these hidden treasures, over time, the largely blurry image of this people group of Central Asia should slowly begin to come into focus. More: Archaeologists found stunning treasure buried by a mysterious forgotten tribe
Related video: 10 Ancient Technological Discoveries that Changed the World | Unveiled (Dailymotion)
All materials on this site are submitted by editors and readers. All images, unless otherwise noted, were taken from the Internet and are assumed to be in the public domain.
In the event that there is still a problem, issue, or error with copyrighted material, the break of the copyright is unintentional and noncommercial, and the material will be removed immediately upon presented proof.
Contact us by submitting a comment marked "private."
Do not follow this journal if you are under vinaya or parental restrictions. Secure protection by Sucuri.
Wisdom Quarterly: American Buddhist Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at creativecommons.org/about/licenses.