"And just to make it interesting... [I'll throw in a few Jerks]" (The Far Side/Gary Larson)
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What must God have been thinking?
At a time like this, we need comedy more than ever, don't we? But what are the limits of humor?
It returns us to a sense of sanity like a pleasant reset button. Satire can restore us to sanity.
But one may have to be crazy to begin with. Maybe John Q. Public doesn't need comic strips or distasteful locker room gags, pranks, and jokes. The more highbrow New Yorker material is good, but can anything match Gary Larson's The Far Side?
Maybe all the joking around we do is harmful to monastics who read or watch humorous videos. Monastics keep a strict discipline and many rules, whereas lay Buddhists strive to adhere to five (daily), eight (weekly lunar observance), or ten (intensive retreat) precepts. We should be more sensitive to the limits of humor to help us cope, seeing as how in the following sutra they could lead a wobbly monastic to give it a rest and take a break when it would be far better to continue until insight and enlightenment.
SUTRA: "Crickets"
Charles Patton — 支離彌梨 (trans.), Crickets Sutra (AN III_utf8), suttacentral.net; Amber Larson and Dhr. Seven (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly
Thus have I heard. At one time, the Buddha traveled to the city of Rājagṛha (Rajgir, India) and stayed at Kalandaka Park in Veḷuvana Grove.
A group of monastics had gathered in the meeting hall after their midday meal. They wanted to settle an argument about the Doctrine and Discipline (Dhamma-Vinaya) taught by the Buddha.
Citra called Hatthirohaputta (Citta Hatthi-sāriputta) was an elder (thera), the son of an elephant trainer, who having entered the Monastic Order, studied with the Buddha and gained special proficiency in distinguishing subtle differences in the meanings of words. Six times he left the Order and six times returned. His last quarrel was with Ven. Mahā Kotthita Thera, who objected to his constant interruptions of the elder's discussions regarding the Abhidhamma. (This incident is recorded at A.iii.392ff).
When that Citra discussed the Doctrine and Discipline taught by the Buddha, he argued with others around him, but what he had to say did not help the monastics teaching Dharma to consummate it. Nor did he ask questions of senior monastics respectfully and with etiquette.
Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila, who was also present in that assembly, then addressed Citra:
“Good sir, know that when a group of monastics is discussing the Doctrine and Discipline taught by the Buddha, you ought not interrupt to argue with what they say. When they are finished with what they are saying, then afterward you may speak. Ask questions of the senior and elders respectfully in accord with good etiquette. Refrain from asking questions of them that are disrespectful or not in accord with good etiquette.”
Citra’s friends were also present in the assembly at the time. They then said to Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila, “Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila, do not rebuke the monk Citra Hastisāriputra because he is virtuous and well-versed. He might appear indolent, but do not be arrogant. Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila, Citra can assist the monastics when the time is right.”
Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila then said to Citra’s friends, “Good sirs, those who do not know the minds of others cannot speak falsely when they praise or dispraise them because perhaps there is a person who is conscientious, modest, affectionate, and respectful when he is in the presence of the Buddha (Bhagavān "Blessed One") or senior and elder practitioners of this spiritual life. He is then well-guarded and well-protected. Suppose later he is not in the presence of the Buddha or the senior and elder practitioners of the spiritual life with whom he is conscientious, modest, affectionate, and respectful.
“He often meets with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways. After often meeting with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways, his mind readily becomes desirous.
“After his mind becomes desirous, his body and mind become obsessed. After his body and mind become obsessed, he discards the precepts and takes a break from the Path.
“Good sirs, he is like a cow that wanders into someone’s field, and the person guarding that field stops it. Maybe he ties it up, or perhaps he corrals it in a pen. Good sirs, if someone says that this cow will no longer wander into another’s field, would that person be right to say that?”
They answered, “No because if that cow is tethered with a rope, it might break loose or become untied. If it is confined by a corral, it might break through or jump over it. It will go into another’s field just as before.”
“Good sirs, perhaps there is a person who is conscientious, modest, affectionate, and respectful when he is in the presence of the Buddha or senior and elder practitioners of the spiritual life. One is then well-guarded and well-protected. Suppose later that person is not in the presence of the Buddha or practitioners of the spiritual life with whom he is conscientious, modest, affectionate, and respectful.
“He often meets with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways. After he has often met with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways, his mind readily becomes desirous. After his mind becomes desirous, his body and mind become obsessed. After his body and mind become obsessed, he discards the precepts and takes a break from the path. Good sirs, this is one kind of person.
“Furthermore, good sirs, perhaps there is a person who attains the first meditative absorption (jhana, dhyāna, zen, chan, seon). After that person attains the first absorption, that person abides calmly and no longer seeks to obtain desires as yet unobtained, to seize desires as yet unseized, or to consummate desires as yet unconsummated.
“After that, he often meets with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways. After he has often met with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways, his mind readily becomes desirous. After his mind becomes desirous, his body and mind become obsessed. After his body and mind become obsessed, he discards the precepts and takes a break from the path.
“Good sirs, it is like when there is a rainstorm. The lakes and ponds between villages fill up with water. Where once sand, stones, weeds, trees, crustaceans, fish, turtles, frogs, and other water creatures were seen when people came and went or stood nearby, none are seen after they fill up with water.
“Good sirs, if someone were to say that the sand, stones, weeds, trees, crustaceans, fish, turtles, frogs, and other water creatures in those lakes and ponds will never be seen again when people come and go or walk and stand nearby, would he be right to say that?”
They answered, “No because the water in those lakes and ponds will recede later because elephants, horses, camels, cattle, donkeys, pigs, deer, or water buffalo will drink it, or people will take it, or the wind and sun will dry it up [by evaporation]. Where before sand, stones, weeds, trees, crustaceans, fish, turtles, frogs, and other water creatures were seen when people came and went or walked and stood nearby, they will be seen again after the water recedes.”
“So it is, good sirs. Perhaps there is a person who attains the first absorption. After he attains the first absorption, he abides calmly and no longer seeks to obtain desires as yet unobtained, to seize desires as yet unseized, or to consummate desires as yet unconsummated.
“After that, he often meets with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways. After they have often met with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways, his mind readily becomes desirous.
“After his mind becomes desirous, his body and mind become obsessed. After his body and mind become obsessed, he discards the precepts and takes a break from the path. Good sirs, this is called another person.
“Furthermore, good sirs, perhaps there’s a person who attains the second absorption. After he attains the second absorption, he abides calmly and no longer seeks to obtain desires as yet unobtained, to seize desires as yet unseized, or to consummate desires as yet unconsummated. After that, he often meets with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways.
“After he has often met with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways, his mind readily becomes desirous. After his mind becomes desirous, his body and mind become obsessed. After his body and mind become obsessed, he discards the precepts and takes a break from the path.
“Good sirs, it is like when there is a rainstorm and the dirt at the crossroads turns to mud. Good sirs, if someone were to say that the mud at the crossroads will never dry up and turn back to dirt, would he be right to say that?”
They answered, “No because the crossroads will be walked upon by elephants, horses, camels, cattle, donkeys, pigs, deer, water buffalo, and people. The wind will blow on it, and the sun will bake it. After the mud at the crossroads has dried up, it will turn back into dirt.”
“So it is, good sirs. Perhaps there is a person who attains the second absorption. After he attains the second absorption, he abides calmly and no longer seeks to obtain desires as yet unobtained, to seize desires as yet unseized, or to consummate desires as yet unconsummated. After that, he often meets with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways. ...
“Good sirs, it is like an undisturbed place where the chirping of crickets is heard. That undisturbed place might be a king’s or a royal minister’s overnight lodging. The sound of elephants, horses, carts, footsteps, conches, drums, slim-waisted drums, dancing girl drums, music, singing, lutes, and feasting causes the chirping crickets to no longer be heard.
"Good sirs, suppose someone were to say that the chirping crickets will never be heard again at that undisturbed place. Would they be right to say that?”
Citra’s friends answered, “No because after a night has passed and the sun rises, that king or royal minister will return home. The sounds of elephants, horses, carts, footsteps, conches, drums, slim-waisted drums, dancing girl drums, music, singing, lutes, and feasting that caused the chirping crickets to no longer be heard will be gone after that. Then the crickets will be heard as they were before.”
“So it is, good sirs. Perhaps there is a person who obtains the samādhi without conceptual thought. After he attains the samādhi without conceptual thought, he abides calmly and no longer seeks to obtain desires as yet unobtained, to seize desires as yet unseized, or to consummate desires as yet unconsummated. After that, he often meets with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways.
"After he has often met with white-robed laypeople who joke with each other, are arrogant, and clamor in various ways, his mind readily becomes desirous. After his mind becomes desirous, his body and mind become obsessed. After his body and mind become obsessed, he discards the precepts and takes a break from the path. This is called another person.”
Soon after that, the monk Citra Hastisāriputra abandoned the precepts and took a break from the path.
After he abandoned the precepts and took a break from the path, those friends of that monk Citra went to Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila.
When they arrived, they said to him, “Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila, you knew the mind of the monk Citra Hastisāriputra and made us aware of these other matters because he has now abandoned the precepts and taken a break from the path.”
Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila told his friends, “Good sirs, these matters should indeed be so because it was because he did not truly know and did not truly see.”
Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila spoke thus. Those monastics who heard what Ven. Mahākauṣṭhila taught rejoiced and approved of it.
Jake Paul defeated 58-year-old Mike Tyson via unanimous decision last Friday night at AT&T Stadium in a fight that will be remembered more for Netflix's streaming issues than the action that took place in the ring because, let's be honest it was truly an awful fight. New video from Jake Paul/Mike Tyson fight has fans convinced it was rigged
It's not a trick question, even though mindfulness is always in season, always of benefit [if done correctly and not practiced incorrectly while thinking it's mindfulness, which is where people get in trouble.]
Ajahn Sona answers just as one might think the Buddha would. Right Effort comes before mindfulness.
Noble (Aryan) = "Enlightening"
[Only this isn't exactly true. The Noble or Ennobling (Enlightening) Eightfold Path, in spite of its name, is not a step-by-step guide to practice. One does not one day wake up, develop Right View, and then carry on through the remaining seven factors. It's nothing like that. Every factor supports every other factor. They co-arise, to a greater or lesser degree, simultaneously. They interdepend. They mutually support. So just as one is practicing fourfold Right Effort -- one is carrying on mindfully and boosting all of the other factors right at that moment.
the effort to prevent the arising of unwholesome states (eliminating harmful and unwholesome mental states that have already arisen);
the effort to generate wholesome states (like the Seven Factors of Enlightenment, guarding the sense doors, restraining the sense faculties);
the effort to maintain wholesome mental states that have already arisen;
the effort to keep these states free of delusion, to develop, increase, cultivate, and perfect them.]
Back cover of book
Right Effort is a sadly neglected factor of the Noble Eightfold Path. There are endless retreats about "mindfulness," but the sixth factor of the path, Right Effort, is woefully underappreciated and not talked about enough in Buddhist circles.
It's one of the most inspiring and beautiful of the path factors, full of so many clear instructions about how to navigate in the inner world and in the outer world.
Ajahn Sona teaching at Birken Forest
This Dharma book is an attempt to bring Right Effort out of the shadows of its glamorous sister, beautiful Right Mindfulness, by going back to the basic sutras of the Pali language canon and examining the language of the Buddha around this essential training.
[Remember, if one were practicing Right Effort correctly, one would be practicing mindfulness. and the practice of Right Mindfulness is essential to the Buddha's practice as a whole.]
Know suffering. Know the cause of suffering. Know freedom from suffering [nirvana here and now]. And know the path that is the escape from all suffering.
When we have the right understanding regarding these things, then we have the path. These things bring about the end of all suffering.
They lead one to virtue, [purifying] concentration, and [liberating] wisdom (sīla, samādhi, and paññā).
We must clearly understand these four things. And to do that we must want to understand. We must want to see these things in terms of REALITY [their true nature, how things really are, the beautiful truth capable of setting us free].
When we see these four things, we call this sacca-dhamma. Whether we look inside or in front or to the right or left, all we see is sacca-dhamma.
We simply see that everything is the way it is. For someone who has arrived at Dharma, someone who really understands Dharma, wherever s/he goes, everything will be Dharma.
The worst thing is looking back with regret, having left undone what should be done, having done what should not be done, having wasted one's time, having learned nothing, having gained zip, youth spent, none the wiser, and no closer to enlightenment (bodhi) or freedom (nirvana).
It's like Pink Floyd sings in that famous song on constant repeat in Asia. All shoestring travelers hear it at hippie hangouts and hostels. Y'know the one: "Ticking away the moments that make up a dull day, you fritter and waste the hours in an offhand way. Kicking around on a piece of ground in your home town waiting for..."
If that's the worst thing, then a very good thing is to stand here, project to that time in the future, look back, feel how much it sucks, and avoid it! You're young, life is long, and there is time enough today. But then there's that other line, the problem:
"Waiting for someone or something to show you the way," The Path, the thing no one lets us know unless we seek it out.
I suppose we always thought we'd find it ourselves. Teacher?We don't need no stinking teacher! Hey, teacher, leave us all alone, ah, but that's another song.
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Verses on "The Path"
Should we worship Time or do surya namaskar, yoga's "sun salutation"? (Stonehenge)
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Dhammapada (Dharma Path)
273. Of all the paths, the Noble Eightfold Path is best; of all truths the Four Noble Truths are best; of all things, dispassion is best: of humans, the One Who Sees is best.
274. This is the direct [possibly the only] path; there is none other for the purification of insight; tread this path, and you will bewilder Mara [Death, the Deceiver, who ruins the possibility of enlightenment and liberation].
275. Walking on this path, one will make an end of all suffering. Having discovered how to pull out the thorn of craving [lust, clinging, desperate hankering, passion], I make known the path.
276. You yourselves must strive; the Buddhas only point the way. Those meditative ones who tread the path are released from the bonds of Mara.
277. "All conditioned things are impermanent" -- when one sees this [reality] with direct insight, one [automatically] pulls away from suffering. This is the path of purification.
278. "All conditioned things are unsatisfactory" -- when one sees this with direct insight, one pulls away from suffering. This is the path of purification.
279. "All things are impersonal" -- when one sees this with direct insight, one pulls away from suffering. This is the path of purification.
280. The idler who does not exert oneself when one should who, although young and strong, is full of sloth, with a mind/heart full of vain thoughts -- such an indolent person does not find the path to liberating wisdom.
281. Let a person be watchful of speech, well controlled in mind [thought], and not commit harm in bodily action. Let one purify these three courses of karma (action) and win the path made known by the Great Sage.
282. Wisdom springs from meditation [cultivation, development, bringing into being]; without meditation, wisdom wanes. Having known both of these paths -- of progress and decline -- let a person conduct oneself that one's wisdom may increase.
283. Cut down the forest (lust), but not the tree; from the forest springs fear. Having cut down the forest and the underbrush (desire), be passionless, O meditators!
[20: (Verse 283) The meaning of this injunction is: "Cut down the forest of lust, but do not mortify the body."]
284. For so long as the underbrush of desire, even the most subtle, of a person towards another person is not cut down, one's mind is in bondage, like the sucking calf to its mother.
285. Cut off your clinging in the manner of a person who plucks with hand an autumn lotus. Cultivate only the path to peace, nirvana, as made known by the Exalted One.
286. "Here shall I live during the rains, here in winter, here in the summer" -- thus thinks the fool. One does not realize the danger (e.g., Death might intervene).
287. As a great flood sweeps away a sleeping village, so death seizes and carries away the person with a clinging mind/heart, doting on one's children and cattle [family and wealth].
288. For one who is assailed by death, there is no protection by kinsfolk. None there are to save one -- no sons, nor father, nor relatives.
289. Realizing this fact, let the wise person, restrained by virtue, hasten to clear the path leading to nirvana.
Generally this is taken to mean alcoholic beverages, which cause one to engage in behavior that violates the first four Precepts: to refrain from taking life, taking what is not given, taking liberties with regard to sexual conduct, and taking liberties with the truth.
It is not clear if entheogens would be barred. Do they occasion heedlessness with regard to the Five Precepts? That is, when one is utilizing a "mind expanding" substance, is one engaging in unskilful behavior one would regret and not otherwise engage in?
If the answer is yes, then in no way can entheogen use be justified. However, with the right intention (with a motivation to expand consciousness, tap intuition, open up and become more receptive and skillful in meditation) some may undertake this dangerous path without compromising virtue. Ultimately, like the choice of upholding the Five Precepts, one has to weigh the benefits and choose.
WQ has reported that in the past there may have been Buddhist "cults" or splinter groups who engaged in sacramental use of Soma and Amrita/Ambrosia. What were they? These were legendary substances, presumably derived from mushrooms or herbs, known as the "nectar of the gods" (when "god" is understood in the ancient Greek and Indian sense of deva).
There is no doubt that such groups existed in Hindu, Christian, and indigenous or Native European circles. The most popular entheogen in this regard, as has been reported in WQ, seems to have been Amanita muscaria (Fly agaric mushroom).
Today the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the sacramental use of Ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi, yage, natema) tea. This was done in accord with the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.
Is it safe? Will it be useful in one's spiritual quest and personal growth? Will it lead to a deterioration or an enhancement of virtue, concentration, and wisdom (sila, samadhi, and prajna) -- the three cornerstones of Buddhism?
Can "drugs" (herbs, vines, mushrooms, entheogens, sacraments) lead to enlightenment? Not directly. Can they lead to better concentration? Possibly. Can they be any worse than liver-damaging synthetic chemicals and pharmaceuticals? Probably not. They may help but must be respected, just as shamans have respected them for countless centuries. Take the case of Iboga as a powerful example.
There is no doubt psychedelics and hallucinogens can yield "wonderful" experiences. An entire generation of Americans discovered that in the 1960s. However, does it lead to Buddhist "enlightenment"? No. Can it? Maybe.
ENLIGHTENMENT
Most people have very little idea what "enlightenment" (the Buddhist term bodhi) literally means. So they frequently fail to tie it to final liberation. What is final liberation? It is freedom from:
ignorance (avijja, avidya)
wrong-views (miccha-ditthi)
delusion (moha)
selfishness (lobha, the most common and harmful wrong-view)
anger (dosa)
suffering (dukkha), and
continued rebirth (Samsara).
Does a drug/entheogen/plant lead to liberation from these?
Enlightenment comes in definite stages. And one may have many insights without being the least bit closer to enlightenment.
The most important insight to "enter the stream" (and directly see the Noble Eightfold Path that opens to the ocean of nirvana) is anicca, dukkha,anatta (the Three Marks of impermanence, unsatisfactoriness, egolessness). This presumes a great degree of sila (or at least past good karma that gives its result as calm-concentration when it's needed). To become a Sotapanna ("Stream-enterer"), the first stage of enlightenment, it is essential to understand these Three Marks. Will drugs (even entheogens) lead to that understanding? For example, one is likely to feel "at one with everything." But that sense of oneness is not no-self; oftentimes it is an expanded sense of self. Previously one felt limited and apart, whereas now one feels (as long as the high lasts) unlimited and deeply connected.
The Three Marks (instability, distress, and impersonality) are tricky concepts even for the most sober individual. Failing to understand these fundamental principles, drugs of any kind are likely to worsen one's understanding. They are then likely to lead one on a downward spiral, particularly as one becomes attached to feelings and experiences in spite of one's deteriorating condition. Look at all the addicts around us (coffee, heroin, nicotine, worry, alcohol, synthetic medications). Insight into impermanence, misery and no-self is accomplished systematically:
First of all, one builds a skillful, moral base (sila, i.e., the Five, Eight, or 227 Precepts). This base leads to collectedness, non-distraction, tranquility, focus (a meditative calm-and-concentration known as samadhi). Both lead to "insight" (Pali, panna or Sanskrit, prajna). Insight in turn reinforces virtue and serenity. Once one is able to enter concentrated meditative states at will, one emerges purified and turns attention to insight-meditation objects. This is the gradual path of training.
Webs of spiders exposed to four common drugs
One person's entheogen (or sacrament) is another person's substance of abuse.
Will entheogens lead to more love (empathy) and the fundamental ethical principle of ahimsa (doing no harm to oneself or others)? Or do drugs weaken body, intellect, and sympathy?
Will entheogens lead to better focus, undistractedness, attention (free of thoughts and judgments), and concentration?
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The Buddha defined samadhi ("concentration") as the Four Jhanas (or meditative absorptions). The first English translators (Pali Text Society, etc.) rendered the jhanas as "trances." This is because they look from the outside like unconscious states. They, however, are the opposite. They are one-pointed (ekagata) states of concentration, wherein the mind (full awareness and attention) is absorbed into a single object. (This is often spoken of without clarification as "non-duality," a state where there is no distinction between the observer and that which is being observed).
Finally, will entheogens lead to "wisdom"? Wisdom arises intuitively from direct observation of phenomena (as outlined in the Maha Satipatthana Sutra, the "Longer Discourse on the Fourfold Setting Up of Mindfulness"). No amount of direct observation in the absence of sila and samadhi (undistracted concentration built on a firm base) yields liberating insight. (That's why Vipassana practice, as helpful as it is in relieving stress and directing one, doesn't pack an enlightening punch; the fuel, the catalysts, the intensifiers are missing). It is wisdom because it leads to more virtue and more concentration.
There is a famous saying. "Knowledge always leads to pride, whereas wisdom always leads to humility." That's the difference to look for in terms of whether one is progressing on a fruitful path of practice (drugged or otherwise).
A guide, at the very least a companion, is crucial. "The supreme life leading to enlightenment is not partly based on noble friendship (kalyana-mitta); it is completely rooted in good companionship and wise association." Also crucial is some purification (dietary, emotional, moral), a ritual (a set of behaviors to be engaged in when one is no longer in one's proper state of mind), and conducive surroundings.
You don't fly to the moon on a whim. If you do, you certainly don't expect to come back safely. Or as it is more commonly said, "If you fail to plan, you plan to fail."
Q: If your life is somewhat shallow, can you still meditate?
A: That would probably make it easier. Meditation is not about thinking, not about profundity by thought.
Q: What is it about?
A: A very good way of explaining it is via brain science. Meditation is moving from the Left to the Right Brain. Move from the everyday analytical, linear, logical to the immediate, holistic, and intuitive. Wisdom and insight are the result of direct seeing, not distant thinking about seeing.
Q: So should I do yoga and dance, laugh and sleep?
A: Yes, but not all yogas have a meditation-positive effect. Avoid Bikram; look into Hatha and the Indian original, Ashtanga.
Yes, but not all dance is helpful. Try free-form styles like Contact Improv and Nia rather than Line or Competitive; it's about letting go and flowing.
Yes, laughter is good, particularly belly laughs or Laughter Yoga or the kind of laughter that makes you feel better after experiencing (which means most modern stand-up comedy -- which is angry, derisive, small minded, or sexist/racist -- doesn't help).
Yes, sleep is good, very good. But sleepiness is not. Jhana is halfway to sleep yet still mindful, only without thinking/noting/judging. One is getting out of the Left (that counts and measures) and into the Right (that senses and experiences). Even mindfulness meditation (vipassana) is not about thinking and evaluating. Most people fail to do sati (mindfulness) because they never get calm enough to begin with. The mind has to quiet down first. That's jhana (meditative absorption). Then one increases mindfulness in a very methodical way. In practice, people sit there doing neither with "cool boredom" (Shambhala-style) or endless pondering instead. There are Five Hindrances to sidestep:
Lust
Ill-will
Drowsiness
Restlessness
Scepticism
Thinking won't sidestep them. Struggling certainly won't sidestep them. And things based on the Hindrances won't sidestep them (getting lost in erotic/tantric fantasies, getting angry about not making enough progress fast enough, getting sleepy/dreamy or zombified, getting impatient and trying to rush the process that purifies and leads us to equanimity, or thinking and wondering and doubting and becoming perplexed. These five roads certainly do not lead to calm and insight.
Q: So the path is just life?
A: No. Zen may say that, and others may not know what to say. But the Path is very much a gradual way. It begins with ethics and personal virtues. It proceeds to calm and concentration (collectedness, the power to focus to the exclusion of everything else, purifying absorption*). And it culminates in insight and attainments (liberating wisdom such as stream-entry).
*The Buddha constantly defined "right concentration" (samma samadhi) as the first four jhanas. See magga (Noble Eightfold Path) in Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines (Ven. Nyantiloka). Of course, there are other weaker kinds of concentration (neighborhood or upacara-samadhi). That is not the time to move onto vipassana (insight practices). Full concentration (appana-samadhi).
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