Stacker.com via MSN.com; Xochitl, Dhr. Seven, Ashley Wells (eds.), Wisdom Quarterly Wiki edit
Where people in Los Angeles County, California, are moving to most
(MSN) To learn more about migration patterns in the US,
Stacker compiled a list of where Los Angelenos (people living in LA County, California) are moving to the most using data from the
US Census Bureau. Counties and county equivalents are ranked by the estimated number of people who moved to the county from Los Angeles County between 2015 and 2019. Ties were broken by gross migration.
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| When one tires of Tongvaland and has gathered a big fortune, there's Acjachemen territory. |
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US occupation and genocide of Indians followed by land stealing ("territorial conquest")
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| What does the flag of the "United States" represent to Native people post-genocide? |
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Following the American occupation of California in 1846 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, "Indian peoples throughout California were drawn into the 'cycles of conquest' that had been initiated by the Spanish."
During the 1850s alone, the California Indian population declined by 80 percent. Any land rights Native people had under Mexican rule were completely erased under American occupation, as stated in Article 11 of the treaty:
"A great part of the territories which, by the present treaty, are to be comprehended for the future within the limits of the United States, is now occupied by savage tribes."
As the United States government declared its right to police and control Native people, the "claims of Indians who had acquired land in the 1841 formation" of the San Juan pueblo, "were similarly ignored, despite evidence that the [American] land commission had data substantiating these Juaneños' [Acjachemen] titles" [13].
By 1860, Juaneños were recorded in the census "with Spanish first names and no surnames; the occupations of 38 percent of their household heads went unrecorded; and they owned only 1 percent of the land and 0.6 percent of the assets (including cattle, household items, and silver or gold)."
It was recorded that 30 percent of all households were headed by women "who still lived in San Juan on the plots of land that had been distributed in 1841" under Mexican rule.
It was reported that "shortly after the census was taken, the entire population began to leave the area for villages to the southeast of San Juan."
A smallpox epidemic in 1862 took the lives of 129 Juaneño people in one month alone of a population now "of only some 227 Indians." The remaining Juaneños established themselves among the Luiseño [farther south], who they "shared linguistic and cultural similarities, family ties, and colonial histories."
Even after their relocation to various Luiseño villages, "San Juan remained an important town for Juaneños and other Indians connected to it" so that by the "latter part of the nineteenth century individuals and families often moved back and forth between these villages and San Juan for work, residence, family events, and festivals" [14].
American occupation resulted in increasing power and wealth for European immigrants invaders and Anglo-Americans to own land and property by the 1860s, "in sharp contrast to the pattern among Californios, Mexicans, and Indians."
In the Santa Ana and San Juan Capistrano townships, most Californios lost their ranchos in the 1860s. By 1870, European immigrants and Anglo-Americans now owned 87 percent of the land value and 86 percent of the assets.
Native people went from owning 1 percent of the land value and assets, as recorded in the 1860 census, to 0 percent in 1870. Anglo-Americans became the majority of the population by the mid-1870s and the towns in which they resided "were characterized by a marked lack of ethnic diversity" [15].
In the 1890s, a permanent elementary school was constructed in San Juan. However, until 1920, for education beyond sixth grade, "students had to relocate to Santa Ana – an impossibility for the vast majority of Californio and Juaneño families" [16].
Modern day
On December 10, 2021, the Juaneño people celebrated the opening of Putuidem Village, a [token] 1.5-acre park (0.61 ha) in San Juan Capistrano, [a miniscule] part of their original lands, which commemorates their history [17].
Religion
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| Spokesperson Clarence H. Lobo, 1946-1985 |
Fray Gerónimo Boscana, a Franciscan scholar who was stationed at San Juan Capistrano for more than a decade beginning in 1812, compiled what is widely considered to be the most comprehensive study of precolonial religious practices in the San Juan Capistrano valley.
Religious knowledge was secret, and the prevalent religion, called
Chinigchinich, placed village chiefs in the position of religious leaders, an arrangement that gave the chiefs broad power over their people [18].
Boscana divided the Acjachemen into two classes -- the "Playanos" (who lived along the coast) and the "Serranos" (who inhabited the mountains, some three to four leagues from the Mission) [19].
The religious beliefs of the two groups regarding creation differed quite profoundly: On the one hand, the Playanos held that an all-powerful and unseen being called "Nocuma" brought about the earth and the sea, together with all of the trees, plants, and animals of sky, land, and water contained therein [20].
The Serranos, on the other hand, believed in two separate but related existences -- the "existence above" and the "existence below."
These states of being were "altogether explicable and indefinite" (like brother and sister), and it was the fruits of the union of these two entities that created "...the rocks and sands of the earth; then trees, shrubbery, herbs and grass; then animals..." [21].
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